<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-7202</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos (México, D.F.)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. Econ. (México, D.F.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-7202</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-72022025000100101</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/ee.v40i1.e459</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Determinantes de la corrupción en América Latina: un análisis a nivel país con enfoque Bayesiano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Determinants of corruption in Latin America: a country-level analysis with a Bayesian approach]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-72022025000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La corrupción es un fenómeno social que tiene un profundo efecto en la región de América Latina. Por esta razón, se plantea encontrar las causas que contribuyen a su desarrollo. Se utiliza la metodología del Promedio de Modelos Bayesiano con Variables Instrumentales (IVBMA, por sus siglas en inglés) para hallar determinantes robustos de la corrupción en 19 países latinoamericanos. Se consideran 23 regresores con observaciones de 2013 al 2020. El IVBMA efectúa 8 388 608 modelos, con el fin de extraer los determinantes más robustos. Se revela qué elementos institucionales y económicos son mejores predictores de la corrupción en la región.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Corruption is a social phenomenon that has a profound effect in the Latin American region, for this reason, it is proposed to find the causes that contribute to its development. The Bayesian Model Averaging with Instrumental Variables (IVBMA) methodology is used to find robust determinants of corruption in 19 Latin American countries. 23 regressors are considered with observations from 2013 to 2020. The IVBMA carries out 8 388 608 models, in order to extract the most robust determinants. It is revealed that institutional and economic elements are better predictors of corruption in the region.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bayesian models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[IVBMA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C01]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C15]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[H7]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[H19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bayesian models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[IVBMA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C01]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C15]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[H7]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[H19]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acemoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yared]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income and democracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>808-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acemoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Property rights, corruption, and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>450</numero>
<issue>450</issue>
<page-range>1381-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apergis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dincer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Payne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between corruption and income inequality in US States: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Choice]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>145</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>125-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alesina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devleeschauwer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Easterly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurlat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wacziarg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fractionalization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Growth]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>155-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arikan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fiscal decentralization: A remedy for corruption?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Tax and Public Finance]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>175-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braunfels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doppelhofer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisiting the growth effects of fiscal policy: A Bayesian model averaging approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Macroeconomics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and culture: An experimental analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>862-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattacharyya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hodler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Natural resources, democracy and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>608-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Billger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do existing corruption levels matter in controlling corruption? Cross-country quantile regression estimates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>299-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blazejowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwiatkowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian model averaging in the studies on economic growth in the EU regions Application of the Gretl BMA package]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics and Sociology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>168-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blazejowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwiatkowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sources of economic growth: A global perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brademas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Tella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inflation, inflation variability, and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics and Politics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>77-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durlauf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What have we learned from a decade of empirical research on growth? Growth empirics and reality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Bank Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>229-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brosig-Koch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ockenfels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weimann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Still different after all these years: Solidarity behavior in East and West Germany]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1373-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A free press is bad news for corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1801-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una investigación sobre la corrupción pública y sus determinantes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>227</numero>
<issue>227</issue>
<page-range>103-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aklikokou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relating e-government development to government effectiveness and control of corruption: A cluster analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Chinese Governance]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>155-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Agostino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pieroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and growth in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>71-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeGroot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Optimal Statistical Decisions]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Viteri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjørnskov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional power concentration and corruption: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constitutional Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>509-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotsogiannis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCorriston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How do institutions affect corruption and the shadow economy?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Tax and Public Finance]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>773-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durlauf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kourtellos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is God in the details? A reexamination of the role of religion in economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1059-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuenzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The elusive effects of trade on growth: Export diversity and economic take-off]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>264-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papageorgiou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade creation and diversion revisited: Accounting for model uncertainty and natural trading partner effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>296-321</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eicher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenkoski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raftery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian model averaging and endogeneity under model uncertainty: An application to development determinants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>94</numero>
<issue>94</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences University of Washington]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elbahnasawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The determinants of corruption: Crosscountry panel data analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Developing Economies]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>311-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Epstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inequality, good governance, and endemic corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Tax and Public Finance]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>999-1017</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estrella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting US recessions: Financial variables as leading indicators]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Benchmark priors for Bayesian model averaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>381-427</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1020-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freille]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kneller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A contribution to the empirics of press freedom and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>838-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salcedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Gran Libro de la Corrupción en Colombia]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Planeta]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explaining corruption: Are open countries less corrupt?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Development]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>851-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Does corruption discourage foreign direct investment and innovation?]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gnimassoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The importance of the exchange rate regime in limiting current account imbalances in sub-Saharan African countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Money and Finance]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>36-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The gender pay gap beyond human capital: Heterogeneity in noncognitive skills and in labor market tastes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>827-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davoodi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso-Terme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Governance]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hakimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption, FDI, and growth: An empirical investigation into the Tunisian context]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Trade Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>415-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoeting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raftery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian model averaging for linear regression models]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>437</numero>
<issue>437</issue>
<page-range>179-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoeting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raftery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Volinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian model averaging: A tutorial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical Science]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>382-401</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horváth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does trust promote growth?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Comparative Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>777-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwasaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The determinants of corruption in transition economies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>54-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeffreys]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Theory of Probability]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parmeter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trade openness and bigger governments: The role of country size revisited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>49-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jetter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parmeter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sorting through global corruption determinants: Institutions and education matter-not culture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<page-range>279-294.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jong-Sung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khagram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparative study of inequality and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Sociological Review]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>136-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenkoski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Instrumental variable Bayesian model averaging via conditional Bayes factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ArXiv Preprint]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raftery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayes factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>430</numero>
<issue>430</issue>
<page-range>773-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastruzzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Governance matters III: Governance indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Bank Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>253-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knutsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotsadam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mining and local corruption in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>320-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does democracy reduce corruption?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1198-215</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bayesian Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chichester ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Gonzalez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strachan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian model averaging in the instrumental variable regression model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>237-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kutan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douglas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Judge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Does Corruption Hurt Economic Development?: Evidence from Middle Eastern, North African and Latin American Countries]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Illinois ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University at Edwardsville]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LaPalombara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structural and institutional aspects of corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Research]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>325-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[La Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez de Silanes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shleifer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vishny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The quality of government]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>222-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loayza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accountability and corruption: Political institutions matter]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Working Paper Series]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic development through bureaucratic corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Behavioral Scientist]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>8-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenkoski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neudecker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[IVBMA: Bayesian instrumental variable estimation and model determination via conditional bayes factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[R package]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Gonzalez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vinayagathasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Robust determinants of growth in asian developing economies: A Bayesian panel data model averaging approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Asian Economics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>34-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[No Growth Without Equity? Inequality, Interests, and Competition in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.F.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the effect of prior assumptions in Bayesian model averaging with applications to growth regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>651-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting and explaining corruption across countries: A machine learning approach,]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government Information Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>101407</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Werner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonc¸alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Corrupción en América Latina: un balance]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikesell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of public officials, corruption on the size and allocation of US state spending]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>346-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corrupción, ética y democracia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laporta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Corrupción Política]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Iturriaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting public corruption with neural networks: An analysis of Spanish provinces]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Indicators Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>140</volume>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An equilibrium queuing model of Bribery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>760-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[York]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bayesian graphical models for discrete data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Statistical Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>215-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masanjala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papageorgiou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rough and lonely road to prosperity: A reexamination of the sources of growth in Africa using Bayesian model averaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>671-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>681-712</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The perception of corruption in a cross-country perspective: Why are some individuals more perceptive than others?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economia Aplicada]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>183-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirestean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsangarides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growth determinants revisited using limited information Bayesian model averaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>106-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Comparative Economics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>66-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moral-Benito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of economic growth: A Bayesian panel data approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>566-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income inequality, development, and dualism: Results from an unbalanced cross-national panel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Sociological Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>674-701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and inequality: A dangerous cocktail in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[México Interdisciplinario]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
<page-range>48-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellegrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerlagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption&#8217;s effect on growth and its transmission channels]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kyklos]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>429-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Persson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral rules and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the European Economic Association]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>958-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Policardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption causes inequality, or is it the other way around? An empirical investigation for a panel of countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Analysis and Policy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<page-range>92-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poveda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.E.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and institutions: An analysis for the Colombian case]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Heliyon]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B83">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Missing Reform: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Woodrow Wilson Center Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B84">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandholtz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koetzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accounting for corruption: Economic structure, democracy, and trade]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Studies Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>31-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B85">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seldadyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Haan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The determinants of corruption: A literature survey and new evidence]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ conferencia de la European Public Choice Society]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Turku, Finlandia </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B86">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empirical determinants of corruption: A sensitivity analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Choice]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>225-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B87">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheryazdanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nurtazina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byulegenova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rystina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlation between e-government and corruption risks in Kazakhstan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>41-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B88">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shleifer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vishny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>599-617</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B89">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regulation of speech and media coverage of corruption: An empirical analysis of the Mexican press]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>175-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B90">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IMF Working Paper]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B91">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The causes of corruption: A cross-national study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>399-457</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B92">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Rijckeghem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and the rate of temptation: Do low wages in the civil service cause corruption?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IMF Working Paper]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B93">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villoria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los modelos de gobierno electrónico y sus fases de desarrollo: un análisis desde la teoría política]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gestión y Política Pública]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>^sSPE</numero>
<issue>^sSPE</issue>
<supplement>SPE</supplement>
<page-range>69-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B94">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Introduction to Bayesian Inference in Econometrics]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hoboken ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B95">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On assessing prior distributions and Bayesian regression analysis with g-prior distributions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bayesian Inference and Decision Techniques: Essays in Honor of Bruno de Finetti]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B96">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeugner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feldkircher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Benchmark priors revisited: On adaptive shrinkage and the supermodel effect in Bayesian model averaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IMF Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
