<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0186-1042</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Contaduría y administración]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Contad. Adm]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0186-1042</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Contaduría y Administración]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0186-10422019000300011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fca.24488410e.2018.1673</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The conservatism as a cultural value that underlies the financial reporting: Empirical evidence from listed companies in European regulated markets]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El conservadurismo como valor cultural que subyace a la información financiera: Evidencia empírica de las sociedades cotizadas en los mercados regulados europeos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albuquerque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nuno]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quirós]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joaquín Texeira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Justino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria do Rosário Fernandes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>0</fpage>
<lpage>0</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0186-10422019000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0186-10422019000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0186-10422019000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper intends to assess the existence of confirmatory variables of conservatism based on the disclosures made in the financial report. Data were collected from the annual accounts for 2013 and 2014 disclosed by 137 listed entities (non-financial groups) in the European Union (EU) stock indexes: Portuguese Stock Index (PSI)-20, Iberian Index (IBEX)-35, Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)-100, German Stock Index (DAX)-30 e Stockholm Stock Exchange (OMX)-S30. The content analysis was used as a methodology. After applying multiple linear regression models, the findings indicate that the assessment of the conservatism based on relevance is consistent with the associations suggested in the literature. One of the main contributions of this research is the consideration of the impact of culture on financial reporting, namely through the proposal of a new proxy for the measurement of conservatism based on the financial report.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo pretende evaluar la existencia de variables confirmatorias de conservadurismo basadas en las revelaciones realizadas en el informe financiero. Los datos se recogieron de los informes anuales y de las cuentas de 2013 y 2014 revelados por 137 entidades (grupos no financieros) cotizados en los índices bursátiles de la Unión Europea (UE): Portuguese Stock Index (PSI)-20, Iberian Index (IBEX)-35, Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)-100, German Stock Index (DAX)-30 e Stockholm Stock Ex-change (OMX)-S30. El análisis de contenido se utilizó como metodología. Después de aplicar modelos de regresión lineal múltiple, los hallazgos indican que la evaluación del conservadurismo basado en la relevancia es consistente con las asociaciones sugeridas en la literatura. Una de las principales contribu-ciones de esta investigación es la consideración del impacto de la cultura en la información financiera, a saber, a través de la propuesta de una nueva representación para la medición del conservadurismo basada en el informe financiero.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[M40]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[M41]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[M49]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[International accounting harmonization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conservatism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cultural values]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[financial reporting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[M40]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[M41]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[M49]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Armonización contable internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conservadurismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[valores culturales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[información financiera]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Billings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanford-Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of accounting conservatism in mitigating bondholder-shareholder conflicts over dividend policy and in reducing debt costs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>867-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duellman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in monitoring managers&#8217; investment decisions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting &amp; Finance]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>609-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): Pros and Cons for Investors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting and Business Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is financial reporting shaped by equity markets or by debt markets? An international study of timeliness and conservatism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Accounting Studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>2-3</numero>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<page-range>168-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ball]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shivakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Earnings quality in UK private firms: Comparative loss recognition timeliness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-128</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baskerville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hofstede never studied culture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting, Organizations and Society]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baydoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural Relevance of Western Accounting Systems to Developing Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Abacus]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>67-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conservatism and debt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>154-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boelens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quality of Financial Reporting: Measuring qualitative characteristics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Billett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Growth opportunities and the choice of leverage, debt maturity, and covenants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Finance]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>697-730</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Callen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hope]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The pricing of conservative accounting and the measurement of conservatism at the firm-year level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Accounting Studies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>145-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albuquerque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Texeira Quirós]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Justino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uma análise das diferenças em termos da cul-tura a partir do projeto de substituição da IAS 39: Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Education and Research in Accounting]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chanchani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An empirical assessment of Gray&#8217;s accounting value constructs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Journal of Accounting]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>125-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income conservatism in the US technology sector]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting Horizons]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>285-314</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What affects accounting conservatism: A corporate governance perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Contemporary Accounting &amp; Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International accounting]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<edition>7th</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frankel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accounting conservatism and creditor recovery rate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2267-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doupnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riccio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of conservatism and secrecy on the interpretation of verbal probability expressions in the Anglo and Latin cultural areas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Journal of Accounting]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>237-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doupnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of culture on the interpretation of &#8220;in context&#8221; verbal probability expressions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Accounting Research]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doupnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[External environment and accounting practice: A preliminary test of a general model of international accounting development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Journal of Accounting Education and Research]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>189-207</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duellman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in corporate governance]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Syracuse University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>European Parliament and Council</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regulation (EC) no. 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the application of international accounting standards]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Official Journal of the European Communities]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>243</volume>
<page-range>1-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>European Parliament and Council</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Official Journal of the European Union L]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<page-range>19-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A cross-cultural study of accounting concepts applied in international financial reporting standards]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[School of Accounting and Finance, Victoria University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acquisition profitability and timely loss recognition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>161-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gernon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International Accounting Research: A Review of its Ecology, Contending Theories and Methodologies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting Literature]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>54-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a Theory of Cultural Influence on the Development of Accounting Systems Internationally]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Abacus]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoarau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International accounting harmonization: American hegemony or mutual recognition with bench-marks?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>235-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofstede]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Culture&#8217;s consequences: International differences in work-related values]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hofstede]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural dimensions in management and planning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asia Pacific Journal of Management]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>81-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IASC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IASC Foundation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IFRS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IFRS Foundation Publications Department]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanagaretnam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of national culture on accounting conservatism and risk-taking in the banking industry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1115-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation and empirical properties of a firm-year measure of accounting conservatism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2-3</numero>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<page-range>132-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LaFond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The information role of conservatism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>447-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penalva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accounting conservatism and firm investment efficiency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>221-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>5-6</numero>
<issue>5-6</issue>
<page-range>555-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McSweeney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Hofstede&#8217;s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith- A failure of analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Human Relations]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>89-118</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colauto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amaral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conservadorismo condicional: Estudo a partir de variáveis econômicas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Contabilidade &amp; Finanças]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>54</numero>
<issue>54</issue>
<page-range>64-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nobes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The survival of international differences under IFRS: Towards a research agenda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting and Business Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>233-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nobes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stadler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Information, and Managers&#8217; Accounting Decisions: Evidence from IFRS Policy Changes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting and Business Research]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>572-601</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Towards a framework to analyze the impact of culture on accounting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Journal of Accounting]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>42-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roychowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discussion of: Acquisition profitability and timely loss recognition by J. Francis and X. Martin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>179-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roychowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asymmetric timeliness of earnings, market-to-book and conservatism in financial reporting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>2-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saudagaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Accounting: A User Perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<edition>3.ª</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CCH]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Experimental Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The International Journal of Accounting]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>271-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsakumis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of culture on accountants application of financial reporting rules]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Abacus]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>27-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conservatism in accounting part I: Explanations and implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting Horizons]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>207-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Positive Accounting Theory: A ten year perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Accounting Review]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>131-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wittenberg-Moerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of information asymmetry and financial reporting quality in debt trading: Evidence from the secondary loan market]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>240-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarzeski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous harmonization effects of culture and market forces on accounting disclosure practices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting Horizons]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>18-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The contracting benefits of accounting conservatism to lenders and borrowers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Accounting and Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>27-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
