<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-3325</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Salud mental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Salud Ment]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-3325</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-33252015000400299</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2015.041</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. Basic mechanisms and functions]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sistemas de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Mecanismos básicos y funciones]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michel-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anaclara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estañol-Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sentíes-Madrid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiquete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Maya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Neurology and Psychiatry]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>299</fpage>
<lpage>305</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000400299&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000400299&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000400299&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ INTRODUCTION:  It is increasingly important to recognize the reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. A fundamental task of the mammalian brain is to assign an emotional/motivational valence to any stimuli by determining whether they are rewarding and should be approached or are aversive and should be avoided. Internal stimuli are also assigned an emotional/motivational valence in a similar fashion.  OBJECTIVE:  To understand the basic mechanisms and functions of the reward and aversion system of the brain.  METHOD:  A bibliographical search was conducted in the Pubmed database using different key words. Documents on relevant aspects of the topic were selected.  RESULTS:  In the ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic (VTA-DA) neurons play a role in reward-dependent behaviors. It is also known that the inhibition of the VTA-DA neurons by GABAergic neurons contributes to a reward prediction error calculation that promotes behaviors associated with aversion. The ventral dopaminergic mesolimbic system and the nucleus accumbens are activated during reward and inhibited during aversions. The amygdala is activated during aversive behavior.  DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:  The reward/aversion system is highly relevant for survival, which is most likely its primary function. It is involved in important pathologies such as addiction, depression and autonomic and endocrine disturbances. Therefore, its knowledge has become of clinical importance. Although great advances have been made in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the reward/aversion system, the detailed circuits within the VTA that mediate reward and aversion and the anatomical substrates are not completely clear.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ INTRODUCCIÓN:  Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo.  OBJETIVO:  Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión.  MÉTODO:  Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes.  RESULTADOS:  Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión.  DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN:  Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica. Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Reward system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aversion system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dopaminergic systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[limbic system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pleasure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sistema de recompensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistema de aversión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistemas dopaminérgicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistema límbico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[placer]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>259-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mueller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>1201-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wightman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>422</volume>
<page-range>614-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Happaney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zelazo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of orbitofrontal function: current themes and future directions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Cogn]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohanty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Differential engagement of anterior cingulate cortex subdivisions for cognitive and emotional function]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychophysiology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>343-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chapter 30: Biology of addiction]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schafer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Goldman's Cecil medicine]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia, PA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elseviere Saunder]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanudo-Pena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>393-411</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hounsgaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of phasic and tonic dopamine release on receptor activation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>14273-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sesack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cortico-basal ganglia reward network: microcircuitry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropsychopharmacol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>27-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjorklund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunnett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tr Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>194-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cingulate, frontal, and parietal cortical dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1160-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Comp Physiol Psychol]]></source>
<year>1954</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>419-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A brief history of sensation and reward]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gottfried]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurobiology of sensation and reward]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boca Raton (FL) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CRC Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magarinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stress effects on morphology and function of the hippocampus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann N Y Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>821</volume>
<page-range>271-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[William]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biological substrates of reward and aversion: a nucleus accumbens activity hypothesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropharmacology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>122-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The tonit/phasic model of dopamine system regulation and its implications for understanding alcohol and psychostimulant craving]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Addiction]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>^s2</numero>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<supplement>2</supplement>
<page-range>S119-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Addiction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Psychol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>25-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fride]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Endocannabinoids in the central nervous system: from neuronal networks to behavior]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>633-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oleson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A brain on cannabinoids: The role of dopamine release in reward seeking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsumoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hikosaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>459</volume>
<page-range>837-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haesler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>482</volume>
<page-range>85-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of perinatal stress on the functional maturation of prefronto-cortical synaptic circuits: implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prog Brain Res]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>189</volume>
<page-range>155-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlezon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA Jr]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosci]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>3112-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onaivi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishiguro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discovery of the presence and functional expression of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann N Y Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1074</volume>
<page-range>514-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends Cogn Sci]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>215-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neurobiology of addiction. Insight from neurochemical imaging]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatr Clin N Am]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>521-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corcoran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fibiger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self- administration of cocaine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pharmacol Biochem Behav]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>615-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moghaddam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coordinated activity of ventral tegmental neurons adapts to appetitive and aversive learning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anandamide, a brain endogenous compound, interacts specifically with cannabinoid receptors and inhibits adenylate cyclase]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurochem]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>352-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of reward pathways in the development of drug dependence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pharmacol Ther]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>227-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piomelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The endocannabinoid system in brain reward processes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British J Pharmacology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<page-range>369-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozarth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Life Sci]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>551-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phasic firing in dopaminergic neurons is sufficient for behavioral conditioning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>324</volume>
<page-range>1080-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kringelbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuroscience of affect: Brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Neurobiol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>294-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leknes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tracey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>314-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chenu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tassin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pleasure: Neurobiological conception and Freudian conception]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Encephale]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>100-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pleasures of the brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Cogn]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>106-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rompré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brain dopamine and reward]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Psychol]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>191-225</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herkenham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: a quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosci]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>563-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The brefrontal-limbic system: Development, neuroanatomy, function, and implications for socioemotional development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Perinatol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>685-702</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goeders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cortical dopaminergic involvement in cocaine reinforcement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>221</volume>
<page-range>773-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to selfadministration of cocaine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>237</volume>
<page-range>1219-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bromberg-Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsumoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hikosaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dopamine in motivational control: rewarding, aversive, and alerting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuron]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>815-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grace]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Axelrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enzymatic synthesis of anandamide, an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptor, by brain membranes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>6698-701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LePiane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disruption of conditioned taste aversion in the rat by stimulation of amygdale: a conditioning effect, not amnesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Comp Physiol Psychol]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<page-range>664-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piomelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The molecular logic of endocannabinoid signalling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>873-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owesson-White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleaveland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neural encoding of cocaine-seeking behavior is coincident with phasic dopamine release in the accumbens core and shell]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1117-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abu-Shaar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>365</volume>
<page-range>61-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Sickle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duncan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kingsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouihate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>310</volume>
<page-range>329-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Roles for nigrostriatal-not just mesocorticolimbic - dopamine in reward and addiction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>517-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piomelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signaling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physiol Rev]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<page-range>1017-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Marzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bifulco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Petrocellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Drug Discov]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>771-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recombinase-driver rat lines: tools, techniques, and optogenetic application to dopamine-mediated reinforcement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuron]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<page-range>721-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herkenham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Little]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>1932-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koob]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Moal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuropsychopharmacology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>97-129</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Zessen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Budygin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stuber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Activation of VTA GABA neurons disrupts reward consumption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuron]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>1184-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onaivi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishiguro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[QR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: immunohistochemical localization in rat brain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Res]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1071</volume>
<page-range>10-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lammel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>491</volume>
<numero>7423</numero>
<issue>7423</issue>
<page-range>212-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sotres-Bayon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ledoux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Lateral Amygdala Processes The Value of Conditioned and Unconditioned Aversive Stimuli]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>561-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koob]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann N Y Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>654</volume>
<page-range>171-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malenka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nestlr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annu Rev Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>565-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanchard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanchard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Comp Physiol Psychol]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<page-range>281-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Behav Neurosci]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>195-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bozarth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatr Med]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>445-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Applegate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kapp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Underwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Autonomic and somatomotor effects of amygdala central N. stimulation in awake rabbits]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physiol Behav]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>353-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weingarten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exploration evoked by electrical stimulation of the amygdala of rats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Physiol Psychol]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>229-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joo Kima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horovitzb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellmana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimi Tana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dorsal peri-aqueductal gray-amygdala pathway conveys both innate and learned fear responses in rats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PNAS]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>36</numero>
<issue>36</issue>
<page-range>14795-800</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<label>69</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[An]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bobae]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-term neural correlates of reversible fear learning in the lateral amygdala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>16845-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<label>70</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huynh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unilateral storage of fear memories by the amygdala]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>4198-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<label>71</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeDoux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brain Res]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>418</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>183-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<label>72</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yvon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turiault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirzabekov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[GABA neurons of the VTA drive conditioned place aversion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neuron]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>1173-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<label>73</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adolphs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The biology of fear]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Biol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>R79-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<label>74</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heninger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuroscience, molecular medicine, and new approaches to the treatment of depression and anxiety]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waxman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[From neuroscience to neurology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Diego ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
