<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-3325</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Salud mental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Salud Ment]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-3325</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-33252015000300217</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2015.030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Alucinaciones visuales en pacientes con privación sensorial: ¿síndrome de Charles Bonnet?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations in sensory deprived patients: Charles Bonnet syndrome?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoldi Negrete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Chow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Venegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crail-Melendez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Esparza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alviso de la Serna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez Unidad de Neuropsiquiatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>MX</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Neurociencias y Desarrollo Emocional Departamento de Psiquiatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>MX</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>217</fpage>
<lpage>224</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000300217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000300217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-33252015000300217&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: Existen pacientes que, después de lesiones cerebrales o periféricas, pierden alguna función sensorial, como la vista o el oído. Paradójicamente, después de perder esta función, presentan alucinaciones complejas relacionadas con la función perdida. Se sabe que este fenómeno puede presentarse ante lesiones en cualquier nivel de la vía visual, especialmente en el nivel de la retina.Objetivo: Revisar la bibliografía existente acerca del síndrome de Charles Bonnet para conocer los últimos avances con respecto a este fenómeno.Método: Se revisaron las bases de datos de PubMed y PsychInfo con las siguientes palabras clave: síndrome de Charles Bonnet; alucinaciones visuales; alucinosis peduncular; Charles Bonnet; privación sensorial. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos que efectivamente trataran del tema. Asimismo, se revisaron los textos clásicos referentes a este síndrome y los artículos mencionados en la bibliografía encontrada.Resultados: En el presente artículo se describe la historia del síndrome, el fenómeno clínico, los factores de riesgo, los criterios diagnósticos, los tratamientos empleados, otros fenómenos similares y las teorías propuestas para explicarlo.Discusión y conclusión: A la fecha continúan siendo controvertidos los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome de Charles Bonnet, en especial en lo referente a la preservación absoluta del insight como condición sine qua non. Descrito desde el siglo XVIII, el síndrome de Charles Bonnet corresponde al prototipo de alucinaciones visuales en pacientes con privación visual, si bien, de acuerdo con la presente revisión, la fenomenología de éste es bastante variada, siendo cuestionable si resulta también el prototipo de las alucinaciones con insight preservado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: Some patients, after brain or peripheral injuries, lose a sensory function, such as sight or hearing, but paradoxically experience complex hallucinations related to the function they have lost. It is known that this phenomenon may appear with injuries at any level in the visual pathway, especially in the retina.Objective:To review the existent bibliography on the Charles Bonnet syndrome to establish the state of the art with regards to this phenomenon.Method: The databases PubMed and PsychInfo were searched for articles containing the following keywords: Charles Bonnet syndrome; visual hallucinations; peduncular hallucinosis; Charles Bonnet; sensory deprivation. We included those related to the subject. We also included the classic texts referring to this phenomenon and the articles mentioned in the literature.Results: In the present study, we describe the history of Charles Bonnet syndrome, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, treatment employed, similar conditions and the theories seeking to explain it.Discussion and conclusion: To date, the diagnostic criteria for Charles Bonnet syndrome remain controversial, especially those concerning the absolute preservation of insight as a sine qua non factor to establish the diagnosis. Conclusion: Described since the 18th century, the Charles Bonnet syndrome corresponds to the prototype of visual hallucinations in patients with visual deprivation, although, according to the present review, its phenomenology is vast, remaining unclear if it corresponds to the prototype of hallucinations with preserved insight.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Síndrome de Charles Bonnet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alucinaciones visuales formadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[insight]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neuropsiquiatría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[visual formed hallucinations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[insight]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neuropsychiatry]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The clinical spectrum of musical hallucinations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Sci]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>227</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>55-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Neurol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>182-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Essai analytique sur les facultes de l'âme]]></source>
<year>1775</year>
<edition>Segunda</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Copenhague ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A Copenhauge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Charles Bonnet Syndrome and the problem of visual perceptual disorders in the elderly]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Age Ageing]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>17-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Podoll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osterheider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>43-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An examination of the relationship between low vision and Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schreiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>49-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Atypical Charles Bonnet hallucinations: an elf in the woodshed, a spirit of evil, and the cowboy malefactors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Needham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Nerv Ment Dis]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>188</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>108-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired The Charles Bonnet Syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Surv Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>58-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet's syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>347</volume>
<numero>9004</numero>
<issue>9004</issue>
<page-range>794-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Compr Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>70-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome: incidence and demographic and clinical features]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Reilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamberlaine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>259-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome with auditory hallucinations: a diagnostic dilemma]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nakamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychopathology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>164-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The natural history of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Do the hallucinations go away?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eye (Lond)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1303-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet hallucinations: Natural history and risk factors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nirmalan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int Congr Ser]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>1282</volume>
<page-range>592-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le syndrome de Charles Bonnet: hallucinactions visuelles des vieillards sans déficience mentale]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Morsier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Med Psychol (París)]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<page-range>677-702</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simple formed hallucinations confined to the area of a specific visual field defect]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lance]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Brain A JNeurol]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>719-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianoptic field]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolmel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>29-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations and their neuro-optical correlates]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>1940</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>166-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social and psychological characteristics of elderly visually handicapped patients with the Charles Bonnet Syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruysberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoefnagels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Compr Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>315-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations in patients from an ophthalmology clinic and medical clinic population]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holroyd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabins P]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkelstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavrisha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Nerv Ment Dis]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>273-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holroyd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkelstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>149</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1701-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome and dementia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lance]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>355</volume>
<numero>9221</numero>
<issue>9221</issue>
<page-range>2168</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome: an early marker for dementia?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pliskin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiolbasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Towle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Geriatr Soc]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1055-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk indicators for the Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruysberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoefnagels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Nerv Ment Dis]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>186</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>190-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome in Asian patients in a tertiary ophthalmic centre]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CSH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VSY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DYM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Ophthalmol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1325-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome: case presentation and literatura review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Optometry]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>360-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a large prospective study in The Netherlands. A study of the prevalence of the Charles Bonnet syndrome and associated factors in 500 patients attending the University Department of Ophthalmology at Nijmegen]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruysberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verbeek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>166</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>254</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome in children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vahgei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J. AA-POS Off. Publ]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>310-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rabins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Compr Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>90-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holroyd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Currie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wooten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>734-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Visual hallucinations and mental state. A study of 14 Charles Bonnet syndrome hallucinators]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melzack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Nerv Ment Dis]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>181</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>639-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Charles Bonnet syndrome: Three cases in the emergency department]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frost]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mottley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>xx</volume>
<numero>x</numero>
<issue>x</issue>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reaction on "The Charles Bonnet syndrome and dementia"]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teunisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tijdschr Psychiatr]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>525-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Breve diccionario clínico del alma]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Debate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet's syndrome: complete remission of complex visual hallucinations treated by gabapentin]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paulig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mentrup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>813-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypermetabolism in the left thalamus and right inferior temporal area on positron emission tomography-statistical parametric mapping (PET-SPM) in a patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome resolving after treatment with valproic acid]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Youn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1130-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome disappearing with carbamaze-pine and valproic acid but not with levetiracetam]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Neurol Belg]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>42-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of carbamazepine and clonazepam combination on Charles Bonnet syndrome: a case report]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>453</volume>
<page-range>451-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cisapride in the treatment of visual hallucinations caused by vision loss: the Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ranen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasternak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>264-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A visual hallucinations in a blind elderly woman: Charles Bonnet syndrome, an underrecognized clinical condition]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Dowd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gen Hosp Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>453-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Olanzapine therapy in hallucinatory visions related to Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coletti Moja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neurol Sci]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>168-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome: a case presentation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cumurcu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elbozan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Turkish J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>60-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neuropsychiatry of complex visual hallucinations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mocellin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aust N Z J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>742-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Successful treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome type visual hallucinosis with low-dose risperidone]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meehan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>675-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet syndrome with visual hallucinations of childhood experience: successful treatment of 1 patient with risperidone]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shirayama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nukina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1131-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Therapeutic options in Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wormstall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Psychiatr Scand]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>129-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charles Bonnet Syndrome: successful treatment of visual hallucinations due to vision loss with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[UE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stogowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Psychopharmacol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>553-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mirtazapine for Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddiqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramaswmay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>787-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of typical Charles Bonnet syndrome with donepezil]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ukai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int Clin Psychopharmacol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>355-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Risser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Powell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lhermitte's peduncular hallucinosis]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 45thAnnual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in New York]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>1993</conf-date>
<conf-loc>New York </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peduncular hallucinations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kölmel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurol]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>238</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>457-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A case of organized visual hallucinations in an old man with cataract, and their relation to the phenomena of the phantom limb]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartlet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JEA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Brain A J Neurol]]></source>
<year>1951</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>363-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The anatomy of conscious vision: an fMRI study of visual hallucinations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ffytche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Neurosci]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>738-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epileptic mechanisms in Charles Bonnet syndrome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ossola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tavazzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epilepsy Behav]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>119-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
