<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-3325</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Salud mental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Salud Ment]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-3325</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-33252012000500006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Contaminantes ambientales neurotóxicos cercanos a nuestra vida diaria]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Neurotoxic enviromental contaminants near our daily life]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Olea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Islas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mucio-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garduño-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[René]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias Departamento de Neuromorfología Funcional]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México DF]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>395</fpage>
<lpage>403</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-33252012000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-33252012000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-33252012000500006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Chemical substances play an important role in life quality; they are present in household items and consumer products like furniture, cloths, toys, etc. However some of these substances could be dangerous for health and environment. Among the best known are the organohalogens pollutants like the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These substances persist in the enviroment, they bioaccumulate and may cause adverse effects in humans health. There is increasing evidence that organohalogens cause neurotoxicity in rats and human brains during development. We have been studying the neurotoxicity of Aroclor 1254 (PCB mixture) and DE-71 (PBDE mixture) in collaboration with Currás-Collazo team (UC-MEXUS/CONACYT grants). We show in this paper the principal results of our research related with molecules that participate in the osmoregulatory system, learning and memory as vasopressin, PACAP and nitric oxide synthase. We exposed pregnant rats to this organohalogens perinatally; the pups were allowed to grow until three months old for an osmotic challenge. Brains were processed for immunfloures-cence, other group was used to evaluate memory with the passive inhibitory avoidance test and Western-blot was done for presynaptic proteins Synapsin I and Synaptophysin. We found a disruption in the content of VP, PACAP and nNOS suggesting that the PCB and PBDE exposure alter the function of hypothalamic neurons that regulates osmosis and water balance. We demonstrated also that PBDE treatment modifies systolic pressure and plasmatic osmolality compared with controls suggesting a cardiovascular alteration caused by PBDEs. We found an alteration in the nNOS activity in Aroclor-1254 treated rats. Memory test and presynaptic proteins expression showed an important reduction in males, suggesting that PCBs alters the expression and activity of nitric oxide and learning and memory. Therefore, due to the neurotoxicity of the organohalogens and its constant contact with humans there is a big concern about the lack of adequate legislation in Mexico and monitoring programs to evaluate the degree of contamination in the population, especially in infants as well as the regions most affected by such contamination.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Las sustancias químicas son importantes en nuestra calidad de vida; éstas están presentes en artículos domésticos y de consumo humano. Algunas son nocivas para la salud y el medio ambiente, como los contaminantes organohalogenados, los bifenilos policlorinados (PCB) y los éteres difenílicos polibrominados (PBDE). Existe evidencia de su neurotoxicidad en las ratas y los humanos sobre todo cuando la exposición es durante el desarrollo. Nuestro grupo se ha interesado en estudiar la neurotoxicicidad de los PCB y PBDE sobre la regulación del equilibrio hidroelectrolítico, el aprendizaje y la memoria, en colaboración con la doctora Currás-Collazo. En este artículo presentamos los hallazgos principales de estos estudios. Expusimos a ratas gestantes a estos organohalogenados y las crías se estudiaron a los tres meses de edad; se sometieron al modelo de estrés osmótico o a la prueba de aprendizaje y memoria (evitación pasiva). Los cerebros se procesaron para inmunofluorescencia para VP, nNOS, PACAP o histoquímica de la NADPH-d, Western-blot para nNOS y las proteínas presinápticas sinapsina I y sinaptofisina. Nuestros resultados mostraron en las ratas tratadas con los PCB y PBDE sometidas a estrés osmótico alteraciones en el contenido de VP, PACAP y NOS y un incremento en la presión sistólica y la osmolaridad plasmática al compararla con controles, sugiriendo que los PBDE alteran la función cardiovascular y osmorregulatoria. La prueba de aprendizaje mostró una disminución significativa de la adquisición y/o consolidación del aprendizaje y memoria en las ratas macho tratadas y alteraciones en la actividad de la NOS, la expresión de la nNOS y las sinapsina y sinaptofisina, lo que sugiere que la exposición perinatal a los PCB altera el aprendizaje y la memoria. Debido a la neurotoxicidad de los organohalogenados y a que estamos expuestos a ellos en nuestra vida diaria existe una gran preocupación por la falta de una legislación adecuada en México y programas de monitoreo para evaluar el grado de contaminación en la población mexicana especialmente en los infantes, así como las regiones más afectadas por dicha contaminación.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Organohalogens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nitric oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vasopressin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hydroelectrolitic balance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Organohalogenados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[óxido nítrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vasopresina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[equilibrio hidrolectrolítico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Art&iacute;culo original</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Contaminantes ambientales neurot&oacute;xicos cercanos a nuestra vida diaria</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Neurotoxic enviromental contaminants near our daily life</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Martha Le&oacute;n&#45;Olea,<sup>1</sup> Eduardo S&aacute;nchez&#45;Islas,<sup>1</sup> Samuel Mucio&#45;Ram&iacute;rez,<sup>1</sup> Carolina Miller&#45;P&eacute;rez,<sup>1</sup> Ren&eacute; Gardu&ntilde;o&#45;Guti&eacute;rrez<sup>1</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup>1 </sup><i>Departamento de Neuromorfolog&iacute;a Funcional. Direcci&oacute;n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr&iacute;a Ram&oacute;n de la Fuente Mu&ntilde;iz.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Correspondencia: </b>    <br> Dra. Martha Le&oacute;n&#45;Olea. Departamento de Neuromorfolog&iacute;a Funcional.     <br> Direcci&oacute;n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias.     <br> Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr&iacute;a Ram&oacute;n de la Fuente Mu&ntilde;iz.     <br> Calz. M&eacute;xico&#45;Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco,     <br> Tlalpan, 14370, M&eacute;xico, DF. E.mail: <a href="mailto:marthalo@imp.edu.mx">marthalo@imp.edu.mx</a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>SUMMARY</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Chemical substances play an important role in life quality; they are present in household items and consumer products like furniture, cloths, toys, etc. However some of these substances could be dangerous for health and environment. Among the best known are the organohalogens pollutants like the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These substances persist in the enviroment, they bioaccumulate and may cause adverse effects in humans health. There is increasing evidence that organohalogens cause neurotoxicity in rats and human brains during development. We have been studying the neurotoxicity of Aroclor 1254 (PCB mixture) and DE&#45;71 (PBDE mixture) in collaboration with Curr&aacute;s&#45;Collazo team (UC&#45;MEXUS/CONACYT grants). We show in this paper the principal results of our research related with molecules that participate in the osmoregulatory system, learning and memory as vasopressin, PACAP and nitric oxide synthase. We exposed pregnant rats to this organohalogens perinatally; the pups were allowed to grow until three months old for an osmotic challenge. Brains were processed for immunfloures&#45;cence, other group was used to evaluate memory with the passive inhibitory avoidance test and Western&#45;blot was done for presynaptic proteins Synapsin I and Synaptophysin. We found a disruption in the content of VP, PACAP and nNOS suggesting that the PCB and PBDE exposure alter the function of hypothalamic neurons that regulates osmosis and water balance. We demonstrated also that PBDE treatment modifies systolic pressure and plasmatic osmolality compared with controls suggesting a cardiovascular alteration caused by PBDEs. We found an alteration in the nNOS activity in Aroclor&#45;1254 treated rats. Memory test and presynaptic proteins expression showed an important reduction in males, suggesting that PCBs alters the expression and activity of nitric oxide and learning and memory.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Therefore, due to the neurotoxicity of the organohalogens and its constant contact with humans there is a big concern about the lack of adequate legislation in Mexico and monitoring programs to evaluate the degree of contamination in the population, especially in infants as well as the regions most affected by such contamination.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Organohalogens, nitric oxide, vasopressin, hydroelectrolitic balance.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las sustancias qu&iacute;micas son importantes en nuestra calidad de vida; &eacute;stas est&aacute;n presentes en art&iacute;culos dom&eacute;sticos y de consumo humano. Algunas son nocivas para la salud y el medio ambiente, como los contaminantes organohalogenados, los bifenilos policlorinados (PCB) y los &eacute;teres difen&iacute;licos polibrominados (PBDE). Existe evidencia de su neurotoxicidad en las ratas y los humanos sobre todo cuando la exposici&oacute;n es durante el desarrollo. Nuestro grupo se ha interesado en estudiar la neurotoxicicidad de los PCB y PBDE sobre la regulaci&oacute;n del equilibrio hidroelectrol&iacute;tico, el aprendizaje y la memoria, en colaboraci&oacute;n con la doctora Curr&aacute;s&#45;Collazo. En este art&iacute;culo presentamos los hallazgos principales de estos estudios.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Expusimos a ratas gestantes a estos organohalogenados y las cr&iacute;as se estudiaron a los tres meses de edad; se sometieron al modelo de estr&eacute;s osm&oacute;tico o a la prueba de aprendizaje y memoria (evitaci&oacute;n pasiva). Los cerebros se procesaron para inmunofluorescencia para VP, nNOS, PACAP o histoqu&iacute;mica de la NADPH&#45;d, Western&#45;blot para nNOS y las prote&iacute;nas presin&aacute;pticas sinapsina I y sinaptofisina. Nuestros resultados mostraron en las ratas tratadas con los PCB y PBDE sometidas a estr&eacute;s osm&oacute;tico alteraciones en el contenido de VP, PACAP y NOS y un incremento en la presi&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica y la osmolaridad plasm&aacute;tica al compararla con controles, sugiriendo que los PBDE alteran la funci&oacute;n cardiovascular y osmorregulatoria. La prueba de aprendizaje mostr&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n significativa de la adquisici&oacute;n y/o consolidaci&oacute;n del aprendizaje y memoria en las ratas macho tratadas y alteraciones en la actividad de la NOS, la expresi&oacute;n de la nNOS y las sinapsina y sinaptofisina, lo que sugiere que la exposici&oacute;n perinatal a los PCB altera el aprendizaje y la memoria.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Debido a la neurotoxicidad de los organohalogenados y a que estamos expuestos a ellos en nuestra vida diaria existe una gran preocupaci&oacute;n por la falta de una legislaci&oacute;n adecuada en M&eacute;xico y programas de monitoreo para evaluar el grado de contaminaci&oacute;n en la poblaci&oacute;n mexicana especialmente en los infantes, as&iacute; como las regiones m&aacute;s afectadas por dicha contaminaci&oacute;n.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Organohalogenados, &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, vasopresina, equilibrio hidrolectrol&iacute;tico.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ANTECEDENTES</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las sustancias qu&iacute;micas desempe&ntilde;an un papel muy importante en nuestra calidad de vida. Con ellas se fabrican productos que usamos diariamente como: alimentos, ropa, muebles, juguetes, autos, edificaciones, etc. Sin embargo, algunas sustancias qu&iacute;micas resultan nocivas para la salud y el medio ambiente. La contaminaci&oacute;n ambiental es un problema mundial que actualmente preocupa a los pa&iacute;ses, ya que es responsable de una lista alarmante de enfermedades, muchas de las cuales afectan al Sistema Nervioso. Los componentes m&aacute;s frecuentes de la contaminaci&oacute;n son las part&iacute;culas suspendidas, los &oacute;xidos de nitr&oacute;geno, los metales pesados como el plomo y el mercurio y los compuestos organohalogenados como los bifenilos policlorinados (PCB por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s) y los &eacute;teres difen&iacute;licos polibromados (PBDE). Los efectos de estos compuestos generalmente se han identificado despu&eacute;s de su uso indiscriminado o en accidentes de contaminaci&oacute;n a gran escala (enfermedad de Yoshuo en el Jap&oacute;n).<sup>1&#45;3</sup> Los organohalogenados como los PCB son un claro ejemplo de sustancias qu&iacute;micas sint&eacute;ticas con propiedades que las hacen &uacute;tiles para una amplia gama de aplicaciones, y que despu&eacute;s de su distribuci&oacute;n y comercializaci&oacute;n intensiva se descubre que poseen caracter&iacute;sticas indeseables por las que se afecta adversamente la salud humana y el ambiente.<sup>4&#45;9</sup> Numerosos estudios han puesto de manifiesto los efectos t&oacute;xicos de estos compuestos y la legislaci&oacute;n ha prohibido o restringido severamente el uso de muchos de ellos.<sup>10&#45;12</sup> Sin embargo, los organohalogenados permanecen omnipresentes en el medio ambiente. Por ejemplo, se estima que m&aacute;s de 1.3 millones de toneladas de PCB se produjeron en todo el mundo hasta 1993 y todav&iacute;a se tienen cifras significativamente altas en el medio ambiente.<sup>13</sup> Tras la prohibici&oacute;n de su producci&oacute;n y uso, los niveles de PCB en la fauna silvestre y el medio ambiente han disminuido lentamente, pero nuevos organohalogenados han tomado su lugar y aumenta su concentraci&oacute;n en el medio ambiente de forma alarmante. Los compuestos bromados retardantes de flama son algunos ejemplos que han surgido recientemente. Los PBDE son compuestos organohalogenados que comparten caracter&iacute;sticas estructurales con los PCB (<a href="/img/revistas/sm/v35n5/a6f1.jpg" target="_blank">figura 1</a>). Se conocen 209 mol&eacute;culas de los PCB y 209 de los PBDE, denominadas "cong&eacute;neres"; la diferencia se basa en la posici&oacute;n y n&uacute;mero de bromos o cloros en la mol&eacute;cula.<sup>14&#45;16</sup> &Eacute;stas son sustancias qu&iacute;micas que inhiben la ignici&oacute;n y propagaci&oacute;n del fuego o retardan la fase inicial del mismo.<sup>17</sup> Se encuentran en una variedad de bienes de consumo, como art&iacute;culos electr&oacute;nicos y electrodom&eacute;sticos, materiales de construcci&oacute;n, espumas, telas y muebles tapizados, etc.<sup>18&#45;21</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Debido a su alta producci&oacute;n, caracter&iacute;sticas lipof&iacute;licas, persistencia y bioacumulaci&oacute;n, los PBDE se encuentran ahora en el aire y el agua, as&iacute; como en peces, aves, mam&iacute;feros como los seres humanos, incluso de regiones lejanas a las zonas industriales.<sup>22&#45;25</sup> Estos compuestos tambi&eacute;n han resultado ser altamente neurot&oacute;xicos y disruptores endocrinos. Debido a esto y a que su concentraci&oacute;n en leche materna y sangre de lactantes e infantes van en aumento, diferentes pa&iacute;ses han tomado medidas para su restricci&oacute;n o prohibici&oacute;n.<sup>26,27</sup></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los PCB y PBDE se acumulan en el tejido adiposo y en la sangre, pasan la barrera placentaria y a la leche materna.<sup>28,29</sup> Los efectos son m&aacute;s graves si la exposici&oacute;n es durante el desarrollo. La exposici&oacute;n de ratas gestantes a estos compuestos puede provocar en las cr&iacute;as deficiencias de aprendizaje, alteraciones en la comunicaci&oacute;n neuronal y cambios neuroqu&iacute;micos.<sup>30&#45;34</sup> Las ratas sometidas a inhalaci&oacute;n de los PCB presentan una alta concentraci&oacute;n de &eacute;stos en el tejido cerebral.<sup>35</sup> Los PCB son neurot&oacute;xicos, causan muerte neuronal y alteraciones en el comportamiento, en la regulaci&oacute;n hormonal, en la reproducci&oacute;n y los procesos auton&oacute;micos como la regulaci&oacute;n del equilibrio h&iacute;drico, la temperatura, respiraci&oacute;n e ingesta de alimentos.<sup>8,36&#45;41</sup> Los PCB causan sus efectos neurot&oacute;xicos al afectar las v&iacute;as de se&ntilde;alamiento intracelular como la liberaci&oacute;n del &aacute;cido 3H&#45;araquid&oacute;nico (3H&#45;AA), alteran la homeostasis del calcio, la translocaci&oacute;n de la prote&iacute;na cinasa C (PKC).<sup>42&#45;44</sup> Estas alteraciones resultan de gran importancia si se considera el papel de la se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n celular durante el desarrollo neural y durante el aprendizaje y la memoria.<sup>45&#45;47</sup> Las alteraciones de la se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n intracelular se han propuesto como uno de los mecanismos de acci&oacute;n en que los PCB y PBDE producen efectos nocivos en el neurodesarrollo.<sup>47</sup> Las mezclas de los PBDE como el DE&#45;71 alteran la translocaci&oacute;n de la PKC y el calcio intracelular en el Sistema Nervioso y estos efectos son comparables con los de las mezclas de los PCB como el Aroclor 1254.<sup>47</sup></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Los PBDEs no se fabrican en M&eacute;xico, pero se incorporan a una gran variedad de productos de consumo humano por empresas automotrices, electr&oacute;nicas, textiles y de la construcci&oacute;n. En los &uacute;nicos estudios existentes en M&eacute;xico de la concentraci&oacute;n de estos compuestos, realizados por el Departamento de Toxicolog&iacute;a Ambiental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de San Lu&iacute;s Potos&iacute; y el Instituto Nacional de Ecolog&iacute;a, se demostr&oacute; la presencia de PBDE en plasma de mujeres que viven en la ciudad de San Lu&iacute;s Potos&iacute; y en la leche de mujeres ind&iacute;genas que viven en una zona rural de la Huasteca Potosina. Las concentraciones promedio de los PBDE detectadas fueron de 29.1 y de 4.4ng/g de l&iacute;pidos, respectivamente.<sup>48</sup> En otros estudios demostraron que 88% de los ni&ntilde;os evaluados, residentes de cuatro localidades urbanas y suburbanas de M&eacute;xico, presentaron concentraciones s&eacute;ricas elevadas de los PBDE.<sup>49,50</sup> Estos resultados confirman la presencia de estos contaminantes en poblaciones abiertas en M&eacute;xico.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La demostraci&oacute;n de que los ni&ntilde;os de M&eacute;xico se encuentran expuestos a los PBDE crea la necesidad de estudiar a fondo la toxicidad de estos compuestos.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Desde hace algunos a&ntilde;os nuestro grupo, en colaboraci&oacute;n con el grupo de la doctora Margarita Curr&aacute;s&#45;Collazo de la Universidad de California Riverside (proyectos UC&#45;MEXUS/CONACYT), nos hemos interesado en el estudio de la neurotoxicidad de estos compuestos sobre diferentes funciones cerebrales como el aprendizaje, la memoria y la regulaci&oacute;n del equilibrio h&iacute;drico a nivel central.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este art&iacute;culo presentamos los hallazgos principales de estos estudios.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REGULACI&Oacute;N DEL EQUILIBRIO HIDROELECTROL&Iacute;TICO</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Estos estudios se centran en algunos p&eacute;ptidos y neurotransmisores que participan en la regulaci&oacute;n fina de la hormona antidiur&eacute;tica o vasopresina (VP), como el &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico (NO) y el p&eacute;ptido activador de la adenilato ciclasa de la pituitaria (PACAP).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La VP se produce en las neuronas magnocelulares neuroendocrinas, localizadas en los n&uacute;cleos supra&oacute;ptico (SON) y paraventricular (PVN) hipotal&aacute;mico. La VP tiene m&uacute;ltiples funciones como el mantenimiento de la homeostasis h&iacute;drica, la regulaci&oacute;n cardiovascular, participa en el aprendizaje y la memoria y en el desarrollo del Sistema Nervioso entre otras. La VP es liberada por las terminales ax&oacute;nicas en la porci&oacute;n posterior de la pituitaria y enviada a la circulaci&oacute;n. Tambi&eacute;n se libera del soma y dendritas de las neuronas magnocelulares, en los n&uacute;cleos PUN y SON, en respuesta a la estimulaci&oacute;n hiperosm&oacute;tica e hipovol&eacute;mica. La VP circulante act&uacute;a como hormona antidiur&eacute;tica y vasopresora para promover la retenci&oacute;n de agua y volver a la homeostasis osm&oacute;tica y cardiovascular. La VP liberada por las dendritas y el soma ejerce un efecto autorregulatorio de la liberaci&oacute;n de VP a la circulaci&oacute;n.<sup>51&#45;54</sup> La liberaci&oacute;n de VP tambi&eacute;n es regulada por diferentes neurotransmisores y neurop&eacute;ptidos entre ellos el NO<sup>55&#45;57</sup> y el PACAP.<sup>58&#45;60</sup></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Nuestro grupo demostr&oacute; que el PACAP liberado en el SON es un fuerte estimulador de la liberaci&oacute;n somatodendr&iacute;tica durante los retos fisiol&oacute;gicos. Esto est&aacute; acompa&ntilde;ado de un incremento en la inmunorreactividad al PACAP y a su receptor (PAC&#45;1) en ratas sujetas a una prolongada deshidrataci&oacute;n <i>in vivo.</i> Y sugerimos que el PACAP puede funcionar como un freno fisiol&oacute;gico, para la liberaci&oacute;n excesiva de VP durante una demanda fisiol&oacute;gica prolongada. Sin este freno fisiol&oacute;gico una liberaci&oacute;n exhaustiva de VP puede llevar a la depleci&oacute;n de las reservas de VP en la pituitaria e intervenir en la regulaci&oacute;n de la osmolaridad plasm&aacute;tica.<sup>60</sup></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">EI &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico es un neurotransmisor gaseoso que participa en m&uacute;ltiples funciones cerebrales, como endocrinas y neuroendocrinas, neurotransmisi&oacute;n, tono vascular, aprendizaje y memoria entre otras.<sup>61</sup> La expresi&oacute;n de la enzima sin&#45;tasa del NO (NOS) y su mRNA, as&iacute; como su actividad, se incrementan en el hipot&aacute;lamo especialmente en el SON y PVN durante la estimulaci&oacute;n osm&oacute;tica: deshidrataci&oacute;n, hipovolemia ya sea aguda o cr&oacute;nica. Lo que indica que la demanda de NO se incrementa probablemente para la modulaci&oacute;n del sistema magnocelular.<sup>57,62&#45;67</sup> Varios grupos de investigaci&oacute;n, incluyendo el nuestro, reportamos que la exposici&oacute;n a los PCB afecta la actividad de la sintasa del NO (NOS).<sup>68&#45;74</sup> El NO es cr&iacute;tico para la regulaci&oacute;n de la liberaci&oacute;n de VP y el mantenimiento de la presi&oacute;n arterial;<sup>51&#45;54,60</sup> esto sugiere que los PCB pueden provocar la falta de regulaci&oacute;n del agua corporal.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Con estos antecedentes, decidimos estudiar el efecto de la exposici&oacute;n oral perinatal de Aroclor 1254 (una mezcla muy usada de los PCB), del d&iacute;a 10 al 19 gestacional (30mg/ kg v&iacute;a oral) y del DE&#45;71 (mezcla de PBDE), del d&iacute;a seis gestacional al 21 postnatal (30mg/kg v&iacute;a oral) sobre el contenido de VP, PACAP y la enzima sintasa del &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico neuronal (nNOS), en las neuronas magnocelulares del SON y PVN. El estudio se realiz&oacute; con t&eacute;cnicas de inmunohisto&#45;qu&iacute;mica con anticuerpos espec&iacute;ficos para estos p&eacute;ptidos, en cortes de cerebros de ratas adultas (tres meses) que fueron expuestas perinatalmente a los organohalogenados. Se trabajo con cuatro grupos experimentales control, deshidratadas, tratadas y tratadas deshidratadas. Nuestros resultados demostraron que los organohalogenos Aroclor 1254 y DE&#45;71 alteran el contenido de PACAP, VP y nNOS en las neuronas magnocelulares, especialmente durante la deshidrataci&oacute;n y sugerimos que con estas alteraciones habr&iacute;a una consecuente desregulaci&oacute;n de la osmolaridad plasm&aacute;tica y de la funci&oacute;n cardiovascular (<a href="/img/revistas/sm/v35n5/a6f2.jpg" target="_blank">figuras 2</a>, <a href="#f3">3</a> y <a href="/img/revistas/sm/v35n5/a6f4.jpg" target="_blank">4</a>).<sup>70,73,75&#45;78</sup> Para demostrar esto, en un trabajo realizado por el grupo de la doctora Curraz&#45;Collazo, en el que colaboramos, midieron la presi&oacute;n arterial y la osmolaridad plasm&aacute;tica en ratas expuestas a diferentes cong&eacute;neres de PBDE durante la gestaci&oacute;n y estudiadas a los 14 meses de edad. Demostramos que las ratas sometidas a deshidrataci&oacute;n y tratadas con PBDE tienen un incremento significativo de la presi&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica y de la osmolaridad plasm&aacute;tica en comparaci&oacute;n con las ratas deshidratadas no tratadas. Estos resultados sugieren que la exposici&oacute;n a los PBDE altera permanentemente la funci&oacute;n cardiovascular y osmorregulatoria.<sup>79</sup></font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f3"></a></font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/sm/v35n5/a6f3.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>APRENDIZAJE Y MEMORIA</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico es un neurotransmisor importante en los procesos de aprendizaje y la memoria. La inhibici&oacute;n de la NOS produce alteraciones de estas funciones cerebrales e inhibe la potenciaci&oacute;n a largo plazo (LTP, una forma de plasticidad sin&aacute;ptica).<sup>80&#45;84</sup> Con base en los antecedentes de que los PCB inhiben la actividad de la enzima sintasa del NO,<sup>43,44,70,73&#45;75</sup> nos interes&oacute; conocer el efecto de la exposici&oacute;n perinatal a los PCB (Aroclor 1254) sobre la actividad de la NOS, y la expresi&oacute;n de las prote&iacute;nas presin&aacute;pticas, sinapsina (SynI) y sinaptofisina (Sph) que participan en el establecimiento del aprendizaje y la memoria.<sup>63,85&#45;89</sup> Administramos Aroclor 1254 durante la gestaci&oacute;n del d&iacute;a 10&#45;19 y las cr&iacute;as se dejaron crecer hasta los 3 meses de edad. Se realiz&oacute; la prueba de evitaci&oacute;n inhibitoria (para la medici&oacute;n de la memoria espacial). Posteriormente llevamos a cabo un estudio en un grupo para ver la actividad de la NOS (expresada como la actividad de la NADPH&#45;d), en cortes de cerebro de diferentes regiones cerebrales (corteza prefrontal, hipocampo y t&aacute;lamo dorsal) y en otro cuantificamos la nNOS, SynI y Sph por medio de Western Blot. Mostramos un aumento de la actividad de la NOS en todas las regiones cerebrales estudiadas en las ratas tratadas comparadas con los controles, principalmente en los machos. Con respecto a la expresi&oacute;n de las prote&iacute;nas presin&aacute;pticas SynI y Sph, se observ&oacute; un decremento que no fue significativo. La prueba de aprendizaje mostr&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n significativa de la adquisici&oacute;n y/o consolidaci&oacute;n del aprendizaje y memoria en las ratas macho tratadas (<a href="#f5">figura 5</a>).<sup>74</sup> La exposici&oacute;n perinatal a los PCB altera la s&iacute;ntesis y expresi&oacute;n del NO y de prote&iacute;nas que participan en la consolidaci&oacute;n de la memoria con mayor efecto en los machos. El efecto de los PCB sobre la inhibici&oacute;n de la NOS parece no ser a largo plazo, ya que se observa un incremento de su actividad en las ratas tratadas, aunque una disminuci&oacute;n en su expresi&oacute;n; sin embargo, este efecto s&iacute; tiene una repercusi&oacute;n en la funci&oacute;n. Hay que hacer notar que aproximadamente 50% de las cr&iacute;as mueren antes de llegar a los tres meses de edad, por lo que probablemente estemos estudiando a las menos afectadas.</font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f5"></a></font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/sm/v35n5/a6f5.jpg"></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El incremento reciente en el n&uacute;mero de ni&ntilde;os con trastornos del desarrollo neurol&oacute;gico, diagnosticados y tratados como autistas o con s&iacute;ndrome de falta de atenci&oacute;n ha generado la necesidad p&uacute;blica de una investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica para identificar a los agentes ambientales que pueden contribuir a su etiolog&iacute;a. Reportes recientes sugieren la posible participaci&oacute;n de los PBDE, ya que se encontr&oacute; en estudios hechos en humanos y experimentales una asociaci&oacute;n significativa entre la exposici&oacute;n a PBDE y un decremento en el puntaje del IQ, alteraciones sensoriales y motoras, del aprendizaje y la memoria y d&eacute;ficit de atenci&oacute;n de la infancia.<sup>90&#45;93</sup> Se han observado cambios morfol&oacute;gicos sutiles en la corteza, el hipocampo y el cerebelo despu&eacute;s de la exposici&oacute;n a los bifenilos policlorinados (PCB) durante el desarrollo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Nuestro grupo demostr&oacute; que la exposici&oacute;n a los PBDE y PCB reduce significativamente el contenido de VP y PACAP<sup>94</sup> y estos p&eacute;ptidos participan en el desarrollo cerebral y en el comportamiento social que est&aacute; afectado en el autismo, tales como la interacci&oacute;n social, afiliaci&oacute;n y el aprendizaje social.<sup>95&#45;97</sup> Actualmente, en colaboraci&oacute;n con la doctora Margarita Curraz&#45;Collazo (Universidad de California Riverside), llevamos a cabo un estudio donde probaremos si la exposici&oacute;n a PBDE durante el desarrollo recapitula algunas de las caracter&iacute;sticas conductuales y neuropatol&oacute;gicas fenot&iacute;picas de los ni&ntilde;os con s&iacute;ndrome de autismo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>EP&Iacute;LOGO</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">La situaci&oacute;n en M&eacute;xico acerca de la gesti&oacute;n de sustancias qu&iacute;micas es preocupante. No hay estudios sistem&aacute;ticos de monitoreo que permitan saber el grado de contaminaci&oacute;n con estos compuestos en la poblaci&oacute;n. Los PBDE est&aacute;n en productos muy cercanos a nuestra vida diaria, como aparatos electr&oacute;nicos, textiles, autom&oacute;viles, alimentos, etc., por lo que aumenta su concentraci&oacute;n d&iacute;a a d&iacute;a. Infinidad de estudios, incluyendo los nuestros, demuestran la neurotoxicidad de estos compuestos sobre todo cuando la exposici&oacute;n es durante el desarrollo. Esta preocupaci&oacute;n se basa en que no s&oacute;lo no tenemos una legislaci&oacute;n adecuada, sino que adem&aacute;s no hay un sistema de monitoreo real de estas sustancias ni en la poblaci&oacute;n (particularmente mujeres y ni&ntilde;os) ni en el ambiente. De las 21 sustancias listadas en el Anexo A del Convenio de Estocolmo firmado por M&eacute;xico, nuestro pa&iacute;s no tiene la capacidad anal&iacute;tica de medir alrededor de nueve, y de las que s&iacute; podemos medir no se hace un monitoreo efectivo, por lo que no se sabe si las medidas tomadas han tenido un efecto real en la salud de la poblaci&oacute;n y del ambiente (Comunicaci&oacute;n personal doctor Gerardo Gold, CINVESTAV M&eacute;rida; Para mayor informaci&oacute;n consultar las p&aacute;ginas: <a href="http://www.ine.gob.mx" target="_blank">www.ine.gob.mx</a>, <a href="http://www.cristinacortinas.net" target="_blank">www.cristinacortinas.net</a>, <a href="http://www.cec.org" target="_blank">www.cec.org</a>.). Es necesario tomar acciones efectivas que lleven a mejorar esta situaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>AGRADECIMIENTOS</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Financiado parcialmente por el proyecto UC&#45;MEXUS CONACYT MLO&#45;Margarita Curras. Fondo Miguel Alem&aacute;n y Fondo de Apoyo a la Investigaci&oacute;n INPRFM. A los doctores Gainer H (NIH)<sup>98</sup> y Hannibal J. por los anticuerpos para vasopresina y PACAP respectivamente; al doctor Kodavanti P. (USEPA) por la donaci&oacute;n de los PBDE; al t&eacute;cnico Feliciano Camacho Garc&iacute;a, por su asistencia t&eacute;cnica y a la doctora Mhar Alvarez, pasante de investigaci&oacute;n por su ayuda en la preparaci&oacute;n del manuscrito.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>REFERENCIAS</b></font></p>  	    ]]></body>
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