<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1918</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. cienc. polít. soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1918</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-19182025000300171</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2025.255.93372</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Role of the British Mandate: 1919-1948]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El conflicto árabe-israelí y el papel del Mandato Británico: 1919-1948]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hristoulas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Athanasios]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>255</numero>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>190</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-19182025000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-19182025000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-19182025000300171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This article examines the Arab-Israeli conflict by focusing on the often-overlooked period of the British Mandate in Palestine (1919-1948). While contemporary analyses frequently center on post-1948 developments, this study argues that the foundations of the conflict were laid during British colonial administration, whose policies were ambiguous, reactive, and primarily driven by imperial interests rather than local realities. The paper traces how conflicting promises made to Jews and Arabs, mismanagement of governance, and escalating cycles of violence shaped early political dynamics, fostering deep mistrust among all actors involved. By situating the Mandate within broader geopolitical shifts -from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire to the rise of fascism in Europe- the article demonstrates how British rule failed to provide political stability and instead catalyzed long-term polarization. Understanding this period is crucial to comprehending subsequent wars, refugee crises, and contemporary violence in the region.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo analiza el conflicto árabe-israelí centrándose en el período a menudo ignorado del Mandato Británico en Palestina (1919-1948). Mientras que los estudios contemporáneos suelen enfocarse en los acontecimientos posteriores a 1948, este trabajo sostiene que las bases del conflicto se establecieron durante la administración colonial británica, cuyas políticas fueron ambiguas, reactivas y motivadas principalmente por intereses imperiales más que por las realidades locales. El texto examina cómo las promesas contradictorias hechas a judíos y árabes, la gestión ineficaz del gobierno y los ciclos crecientes de violencia moldearon las dinámicas políticas iniciales, generando una desconfianza profunda entre los actores implicados. Al situar el Mandato en el contexto de cambios geopolíticos más amplios -desde la caída del Imperio otomano hasta el ascenso del fascismo en Europa-, el artículo demuestra cómo el dominio británico fracasó en garantizar estabilidad política y contribuyó a una polarización duradera. Comprender este periodo resulta esencial para entender las guerras, crisis de refugiados y violencia contemporánea en la región.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Arab-Israeli conflict]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[British Mandate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[colonial policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Palestine 1919-1948]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Middle East history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflicto árabe-israelí]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mandato Británico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política colonial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Palestina 1919-1948]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia de Medio Oriente]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqueline]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Jewish refugees' lives in Latin America after persecution and impoverishment in Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Cultural Studies: European and Latin American Perspectives]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>5-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balfour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arthur J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Balfour Declaration 1917]]></source>
<year>1917</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Avalon Project]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beinin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajjar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lisa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Palestine and Israel&#8212;A Primer]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Middle East Research and Information Project]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Britain's Small Wars</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Operations Agatha &amp; Shark]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>British Palestine Police Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Operation Agatha]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Avner]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The 1967 Six-Day War]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wilson Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Asli E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The exchange of populations and the transformation of two Mediterranean cities, Adana and Mersin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Athens Journal of History]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>267-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorodetsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why Moscow championed the creation of Israel]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Le Monde diplomatique]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halamish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aviva]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immigration is Israel's History, So Far]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Israel Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>106-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>His Majesty's Government</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Palestine Royal Commission. Report]]></source>
<year>1937</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[His Majesty's Stationery Office]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kattan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Victor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891-1949]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pluto Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rashid]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Beacon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rashid]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The hundred years' war on Palestine: A history of settler colonialism and resistance, 1917-2017]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Metropolitan Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rashid]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shawn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tantor Media, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klagsbrun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lioness: Golda Meir and the nation of Israel]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Schocken]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kritikos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Georgios]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Motives for compulsory population exchange in the aftermath of the Greek-Turkish War: (1922-1923)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of the Centre for Asia Minor Studies]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laurens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La question de Palestine: 1922-1947 Une mission sacrée de civilisation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>vol. 2</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fayard]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pew Research Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benny]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benny]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Murray Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benny]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Mr. Lupton History</collab>
<source><![CDATA[How did Britain respond to the persecution of European Jews and the Holocaust?]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mr. Lupton History]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Repression and Rebellion: Britain's Response to the Arab Revolt in Palestine of 1936-39]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Solution for Palestine: The Chamberlain White Paper]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Office of the Historian</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Arab-Israeli War of 1948]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Department of State]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Six days of war: June 1967 and the making of the modern Middle East]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Presidio Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peschanski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Denis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La France des camps (1938-1946)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[L'UniverCité, Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cheryl A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Israel and the American National Interest: A Critical Examination]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laurent]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Moscow's Surprise: The Soviet-Israeli Alliance of 1947-1949]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sachar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Howard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A history of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Knopf]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanagan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teacher, Preacher, Soldier, Martyr: Rethinking 'Izz al-D&#299;n al-Qass&#257;m]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Die Welt Des Islams]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>3/4</numero>
<issue>3/4</issue>
<page-range>315-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Picador usa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shavit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yaacov]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925-1948]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Jerusalem Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>uk House of Commons</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Palestine]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[About the Nakba]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Report of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (unscop)]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
<volume>vol. I</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly, United Nations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Forced and slave labor in Nazi-dominated Europe]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Great Palestinian Rebellion, 1936-1939]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[un Partition Plan, 29 November 1947: Paving the way to the impending Nakba]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Palestinian Encyclopedia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
