<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1918</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. cienc. polít. soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1918</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-19182015000300103</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Un método no endógeno para medir el gasto electoral en Chile, 2005-2009]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A Non-Endogenous Method to Measure Campaign Financing in Chile, 2005-2009]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Diego Portales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>CL</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Diego Portales  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>CL</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>225</numero>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>132</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-19182015000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-19182015000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-19182015000300103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El debate sobre el efecto del dinero invertido en campañas sobre los resultados de las elecciones ha puesto en tela de juicio cuestiones centrales sobre la calidad de la democracia y la efectividad de las elecciones como mecanismo de control ciudadano. El gasto en campaña es una variable central a la hora de evaluar su éxito, por lo tanto, la forma en que se mide influye en las conclusiones a las que se llega con respecto a su efecto en los resultados de una elección. En este artículo se utiliza el caso chileno (específicamente, las elecciones de 2005 y 2009) para analizar los dos métodos más comunes de medir el gasto en campaña y proponer un tercero que estima de mejor forma sus efectos. Esta contribución metodológica complementa y refina el conocimiento que ya se poseía sobre la forma en que el gasto afecta los resultados electorales, a la vez que abre una línea de investigación que permite evaluar otros aspectos de la dinámica que relaciona el gasto en campañas con el desempeño electoral. Sugerimos que el camino a seguir se centre en la fiscalización del gasto efectivo y no en reducir los límites al gasto reportado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The debate on money invested in campaigns and its impact on election results has called into question matters such as the quality of democracy and the efficiency of the elections as a mechanism of citizen control. Campaign financing is a central variable when evaluating its success; therefore, the manner in which it is measured affects the conclusions reached regarding its effects on the results of an election. This article focuses on the Chilean case (more specifically the elections of 2005 and 2009) to analyze the two most common methods to measure campaign spending and suggest as well a third method to better estimate its effects. This methodological contribution complements and refines the current knowledge on the manner in which the expenditure during a campaign affects the election results, while opening a new line of investigation that allows the assessment of other aspects in the dynamic that links campaign financing with electoral performance. We suggest that the way to proceed shall focus on the financial inspection of the actual expenditure without reducing the limits to the expenditure reported.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[campaña electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gasto en campaña]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[formas de medir el gasto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Chile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral campaign]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[campaign financing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ways to measure expenses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chile]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incumbency, Campaign Spending, and the Decline of Competition in US House Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abramowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>34-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agostini González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Financiamiento de la política en Chile. Campañas electorales de 2009-2010]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracia con Partidos. Informe para la reforma de los partidos políticos en Chile]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>269-319</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mismeasure of Campaign Spending: Evidence from the 1990 US House Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ansolabehere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1106-18</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Much Does Money Matter? "Buying" Votes in Japan, 1967-1990]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿El dinero hace la felicidad? Efecto del gasto en campañas sobre el desempeño electoral de los candidatos a alcalde en Chile 2004-2008]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democracia Municipal en Chile, 1992-2012]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Campaign Spending and Incumbency: An Alternative Simultaneous Equations Approach]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erikson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palfrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>02</numero>
<issue>02</issue>
<page-range>355-73</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Empirical Test of Why Incumbents Adopt Campaign Spending Limits]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thomas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Choice]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>437-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferejohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<page-range>166-76</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford Unviersity Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How the Cases you Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geddes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Analysis]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>131-50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimating Incumbency Advantage Without Bias]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>42-64</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<page-range>469-91</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford Unviersity Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>334-62</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incumbents without a Campaign Finance Advantage: Competition and Money in Chile's Congressional Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>3-33</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hamburgo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[GIGA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constituency Service and Incumbency Advantage]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>119-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mareek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Phillippe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Marketing político y comunicación: claves para una buena información política]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gasto en campaña y éxito electoral de los candidatos a diputados en Chile 2005]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piñeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>645-67</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Católica de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regulación del financiamiento electoral en Chile: lecciones de Canadá y los Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Filip]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Públicos]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudios Públicos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does money matter? Credible Commitments and Campaign Finance in New Democracies: Theory and Evidence from Brazil]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urcuyo Cossío]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moya Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Control del financiamiento y gasto electoral en Chile]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chile Transparente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Manual de buenas prácticas para donaciones políticas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Puntos de Referencia]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>272</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudios Públicos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
