<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1667</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1667</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-16672024000400073</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fe.01851667p.2024.330.89802</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Adam Smith on the process of civilization and the role of counterfactual reasoning]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Adam Smith sobre el proceso de civilización y el papel del razonamiento contrafactual]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heinz D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Norway</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Graz Graz Schumpeter Centre and Institute of Economics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>330</numero>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>99</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-16672024000400073&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-16672024000400073&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-16672024000400073&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This paper examines Adam Smith&#8217;s use of counterfactual reasoning in his analysis of the &#8220;process of civilization&#8221; and its implications for modern economics. Smith, influenced by Isaac Newton, Robert Simson, Francis Hutcheson, and David Hume, employed counterfactual reasoning to critique the Mercantile System by comparing actual economic developments with the &#8220;natural course of events.&#8221; His physiocratic bias limited his engagement with emerging industrial advancements, yet his methodological contributions remain significant. Smith&#8217;s focus on &#8220;what if?&#8221; questions in policy discussions continues to shape modern economic thought, despite some limitations in fully realizing his theoretical framework.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo examina el uso que hace Adam Smith del razonamiento contrafactual en su análisis del &#8220;proceso de civilización&#8221; y sus implicaciones para la economía moderna. Smith, influenciado por Isaac Newton, Robert Simson, Francis Hutcheson y David Hume, utilizó el razonamiento contrafactual para criticar el Sistema Mercantil comparando los desarrollos económicos reales con el &#8220;curso natural de los hechos.&#8221; Su sesgo fisiocrático limitó su escrutinio de los emergentes progresos industriales; sin embargo, sus contribuciones metodológicas continúan siendo significativas. El enfoque condicional de Smith sobre cuestiones como &#8220;¿qué sucedería si?&#8221; en las discusiones de política continúa modelando el pensamiento económico moderno, a pesar de algunas limitaciones para identificar su marco teórico.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Adam Smith]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[David Hume]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[counterfactual reasoning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[imaginary constructs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scottish Enlightenment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Newtonian methodology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Adam Smith]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[David Hume]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[razonamiento contrafactual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[construcciones imaginarias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ilustración escocesa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[metodología newtoniana]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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