<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1667</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Inv. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1667</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-16672022000100117</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fe.01851667p.2022.319.79762</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19 in South Asia: Health, economics and politics]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19 en el Sur de Asia: Salud, economía y política]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deepankar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Priyanka]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Economics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of History ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>319</numero>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-16672022000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-16672022000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-16672022000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This paper tracks the progression of, and the government&#8217;s response to, the COVID-19 pandemic in four South Asian countries -Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka- between February 2020 and May 2021. We look at the daily reported COVID-19 cases and deaths per million population. The data shows clear patterns of two or more waves of the pandemic in South Asia. We consider COVID-19 testing, vaccination coverage, non-pharmaceutical interventions and the COVID-19 economic stimulus. Sri Lanka performs the best, Bangladesh has low reported cases and deaths, but that is perhaps because of low testing; Pakistan has the lowest vaccination coverage; India has been hit worst by the second wave and is doing mediocre in terms of testing and vaccination. In terms of the impact of the pandemic on lives lost, Sri Lanka is the best and India the worst performer.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo estudia la respuesta del gobierno y su progresión ante la pandemia por el COVID-19 en cuatro países del sur de Asia -Bangladesh, India, Pakistán y Sri Lanka- entre febrero de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Reportamos las infecciones y muertes diarias por cada millón de habitantes relacionadas con el COVID-19. Los datos muestran patrones evidentes de dos o más oleadas de la pandemia. Consideramos las pruebas de COVID-19, la cobertura de vacunación, intervenciones no farmacéuticas y los estímulos económicos relacionados con la pandemia. Sri Lanka es el de mejor desempeño; Bangladesh tiene un menor número de casos y muertes reportados, pero quizá debido a su menor cantidad de pruebas; Pakistán tiene la menor cobertura de vacunación; India fue el país más afectado por la segunda ola y está exhibiendo un desempeño mediocre en términos de pruebas y vacunación. En cuanto al número de muertes, Sri Lanka es el de mejor desempeño y la India es el peor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pandemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[South Asia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pandemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sur de Asia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hossain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh? A cross-sectional rapid national survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[medRxiv]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gobat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mableson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilbeam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solomon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tonkin-Crine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding the policy dynamics of COVID-19 in the UK: Early findings from interviews with policy makers and health care professionals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science and Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>266</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bergquist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Health Policy and Technology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>623-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhuyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experts criticize India&#8217;s complacency over COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wintour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ratcliffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Covid vaccines: India&#8217;s export delay deals blow to poorer countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chakrabarti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Curing cholera: Pathogens, places and poverty in South Asia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of South Asian Studies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>153-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why is the world&#8217;s largest COVID-19 vaccine campaign faltering?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kunreuther]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The political economy of response to COVID-19 in the U.S.A.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dagia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pakistan&#8217;s vaccine campaign crawls along]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Diplomat]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Express Web Desk</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Holy smoke, cow urine, yagna chikitsa: BJP leaders and their unscientific claims on Covid cure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Indian Express]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahapatra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahapatra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Babu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahapatra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cholera outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia: Descriptive Analysis, 2003-2012]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>145-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritchie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz-Ospina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltekian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macdonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giattino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Appel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodés-Guirao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OurWorldInData.org]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rauhala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drug companies defend vaccine monopolies in face of global outcry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleinsasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purkayastha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattacharya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukherjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lockdown Effect on COVID-19 Spread in India: National Data Masking State-Level Trends]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Open]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>UN News</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[South Asia: &#8216;Real possibility&#8217; health systems will be strained to a breaking point, UNICEF warns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[UN News]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wijesinghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weerasinghe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.M.P.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gunawardana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.N.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karunapema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.P.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Sri Lanka: Applying the health belief model to an online survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Wire Staff</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[With goa toll, hospital oxygen shortage has taken lives of at least 223 Covid patients in India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Wire]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yasir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bengali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gladstone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mass vaccination, India&#8217;s Covid-19 escape route, poses a giant challenge]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New York Times]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
