<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-1101</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de astronomía y astrofísica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. astron. astrofis]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-1101</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-11012004000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Variation of central star masses in planetary nebulae with height above the galactic plane]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Astronomía y Meteorología Guadalajara  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guadalajara Jalisco]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-11012004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[There are various reasons for suspecting that the progenitor masses of planetary nebulae (PNe) decline with height z above the Galactic plane. This, if true, would also imply a similar decrease in mean central star masses <M CS&gt;. We report here a further way in which such gradients may be determined. It will be shown that the distribution of planetary nebulae with respect to 5 GHz brightness temperature varies strongly with Galactic latitude. This variation is likely to arise from a change in the central star mass function N(M CS). High latitude sources appear to have a steeply varying function N(M CS), implying the presence of relatively few nebulae with high central star masses. By contrast, the low latitude sources have a much gentler fall-off in N(M CS), implying a larger proportion of high M CS nebulae. This is shown to imply significant gradients of mean mass <M CS&gt; with latitude b. We find that d <M CS&gt;/d |bLOW| &#8771; 2.0 x 10 -3 M&#3663; deg -1 for nebulae having 1.0 < log(T B/K)< 3.6, where | bLOW | represents de lower latitude of the sources. This corresponds to a gradient d<M CS&gt; /d|zLOW| &#8771; 5.6x10 -2 kpc -1 for nebulae with heights |z|&gt;|zLOW|, and where one adopts the statistical distances of Phillips (2002).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Hay razones para sospechar que las masas de las progenitoras de las nebulosas planetarias (PNe) disminuyen con la altura sobre el plano galáctico z. Esto implicaría una disminución similar en las masas medias de las estrellas centrales <M CS&gt;. Reportamos otra manera de determinar estos gradientes. Mostramos que la distribución de las temperaturas de brillo en 5 GHz de las PNe depende fuertemente de la latitud galáctica b. Esta variación se debe probablemente a un cambio en la función de masa de la estrella central N(M CS). Las fuentes a alta b parecen tener una N(M CS) con mayor pendiente, lo cual implica que existen pocas PNe con estrellas centrales de masa grande. En contraste, las fuentes a baja b tienen una N(M CS) con pendiente menor, lo cual implica un mayor número de PNe con N(M CS) grandes. Mostramos que esto tiene como consecuencia gradientes significativos de la masa media <M CS&gt; con b. Encontramos que d <M CS&gt;/d|bLOW| &#8771; 2.0 x 10 -3 M&#3663; deg -1 para nebulosas con 1.0 < log( T B/K)< 3.6, donde |bLOW| es el límite inferior de la latitud de las fuentes. Esto corresponde a un gradiente d<CS&gt; /d|zLOW|&#8771; 5.6x10-2 kpc-1 para nebulosas con |z|&gt;|zLOW|, adoptando las distancias estadísticas de Phillips (2002).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ISM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Planetary nebulae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stars]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ 			             <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Variation of central star masses in planetary nebulae with height above the galactic plane</b></font></p>	       <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">  <b>J. P. Phillips</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>					                   <p align="left"><font face="verdana" size="2">  <i>Instituto de Astronom&iacute;a y Meteorolog&iacute;a   Guadalajara,  Av. Vallarta No.2602, Col. Arcos Vallarta, 44130 Guadalajara, Jalisco, M&eacute;xico.</i> (<a href="mailto:jpp@cencar.udg.mx">jpp@cencar.udg.mx</a>). </font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>	                          <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">  Received 2003 October 15    <br> Accepted 2003 November 27</font>.</p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>                <p align="left"><font face="verdana" size="2">There are various reasons for suspecting that the progenitor masses of planetary nebulae (PNe) decline with height  <i>z</i> above the Galactic plane. This, if true,      would also imply a similar decrease in mean central star masses <i>&#60;M<sub>CS</sub>&#62;</i>. We report here a further way in which such gradients may be determined. It will be   shown that the distribution of planetary nebulae with respect to 5 GHz brightness   temperature varies strongly with Galactic latitude. This variation is likely to arise   from a change in the central star mass function  <i>N(M<sub>CS</sub>)</i>. High latitude sources appear to have a steeply varying function  <i>N(M<sub>CS</sub>)</i>, implying the presence of relatively   few nebulae with high central star masses. By contrast, the low latitude sources   have a much gentler fall&#45;off in   <i>N(M<sub>CS</sub>)</i>, implying a larger proportion of high  M<sub>CS</sub> nebulae. This is shown to imply significant gradients of mean mass   <i>&#60;M<sub>CS</sub>&#62;	</i>with      latitude <i>b</i>. We find  that  <i>d</i> &#60;M<sub>CS</sub>&#62;/d  	&#124;<i>b</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124;  &#8771; 2.0 x 10 <sup>-3</sup> <i>M<sub>&#3663;</sub> deg <sup>-1</sup></i>     for nebulae     having 1.0  <   log(T<sub>B</sub>/K)<   3.6, where  &#124;	<i>b</i><sub>LOW</sub>  &#124;  represents de lower latitude of the sources. This corresponds to a gradient   <i>d</i>&lt;M<sub>CS</sub>> /d&#124;<i>z</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124; &#8771; 5.6x10 <sup>-2</sup> 	kpc <sup>-1</sup>  for nebulae with heights  &#124;<i>z</i>&#124;&#62;&#124;<i>z</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124;, and where one adopts the statistical distances   of Phillips (2002).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">  <b>Key Words</b>: ISM: Jets and outflows &#151; Planetary nebulae: General &#151; Stars: Evolution. </font></p>     <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">   <b>RESUMEN </b></font></p>             <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Hay razones para sospechar que las masas de las progenitoras de las nebulosas planetarias (PNe) disminuyen con la altura sobre el plano gal&aacute;ctico  <i>z</i>. Esto      implicar&iacute;a una disminuci&oacute;n similar en las masas medias de las estrellas centrales &#60;<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>&#62;. Reportamos otra manera de determinar estos gradientes. Mostramos que   la distribuci&oacute;n de las temperaturas de brillo en 5 GHz de las PNe depende fuertemente de la latitud gal&aacute;ctica <i>b</i>. Esta variaci&oacute;n se debe probablemente a un cambio  en la funci&oacute;n de masa de la estrella central   <i>N</i>(<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>). Las fuentes a alta   <i>b</i> parecen   tener una  <i>N</i>(<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>) con mayor pendiente, lo cual implica que existen pocas PNe con   estrellas centrales de masa grande. En contraste, las fuentes a baja   <i>b</i> tienen una   <i>N</i>(<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>) con pendiente menor, lo cual implica un mayor n&uacute;mero de PNe con  <i>N</i>(<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>) grandes. Mostramos que esto tiene como consecuencia gradientes significativos de la   masa media   &#60;<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>&#62;   con <i>b</i>.</font><font face="verdana" size="2"> Encontramos que   <i>d</i> &#60;<i>M<sub>CS</sub></i>&#62;/d&#124;<i>b</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124; &#8771; 2.0 x 10 <sup>-3</sup> <i>M<sub>&#3663;</sub> deg <sup>-1</sup></i>  para nebulosas con 1.0   <   log(  T<sub>B</sub>/K)<   3.6, donde  &#124;<i>b</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124;	es el l&iacute;mite inferior de la latitud de las fuentes. Esto corresponde a un gradiente   <i>d</i><<sub>CS</sub>> /d&#124;<i>z</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124;&#8771; 5.6x10<sup>-2</sup> 	kpc<sup>-1</sup>  para nebulosas con   &#124;<i>z</i>&#124;&#62;&#124;<i>z</i><sub>LOW</sub>&#124;, adoptando las distancias estad&iacute;sticas de Phillips (2002).   </font></p>             <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>                <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmaa/v40n1/v40n1a3.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>               <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>                        <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">   <b>REFERENCES</b></font></p>      	    ]]></body>
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