<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2024000100099</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v64i1.2980</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Afganistán: &#8220;acción-reacción&#8221; en la lucha contra organizaciones violentas extremistas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Afghanistan: &#8220;action-reaction&#8221; in the fight against violent extremist organizations]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Afghanistan : « action-réaction » dans la lutte contre les organisations extrémistes violentes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Penalva Lucas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pablo de Olavide  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2024000100099&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2024000100099&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2024000100099&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo estudia los efectos de las acciones de los gobiernos contra la insurgencia y las organizaciones violentas extremistas. Se argumenta que ciertas políticas estatales y acciones de las fuerzas del orden pueden tener efectos contraproducentes. En concreto, se explora la relación &#8220;acción-reacción&#8221; entre el aumento de tropas extranjeras en Afganistán y el aumento del número de bajas de esta fuerza como resultado de la reacción adversa y contestataria en las organizaciones violentas extremistas yihadistas. Los resultados corroboran y amplían otras investigaciones que apuntan a que, en determinados conflictos asimétricos modernos, cuantos más militares se despliegan en el terreno, mayor el número de bajas que se producen. El estudio sugiere la necesidad de que los responsables de tomar decisiones en los conflictos se pregunten sobre el número óptimo de personas en el terreno y elijan líneas de acción que equilibren los objetivos planteados con el riesgo de bajas en las tropas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article studies the effects of government actions against insurgency and violent extremist organizations. It is argued that certain state policies and law enforcement actions can have counterproductive effects. Specifically, the &#8220;action-reaction&#8221; relationship between the surge of foreign troops in Afghanistan and the increase of the number of this force casualties as a result of adverse and counter-reaction in violent extremist jihadist organizations is explored. The findings corroborate and extend other research that suggests that, in certain modern asymmetric conflicts, the more military deployed on the ground, the higher the number of casualties that occur. The study suggests the need for decision-makers in conflicts to ask themselves about the optimal number of people on the ground and to choose courses of action that balance the stated objectives with the risk of troop casualties.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé : Cet article étudie les effets des actions gouvernementales contre la sédition et les organisations extrémistes violentes. On y fait valoir que certaines politiques de l&#8217;État et certaines mesures d&#8217;application de la loi peuvent avoir des effets contreproductifs. Plus précisément, on explore la relation « action-réaction » entre l&#8217;augmentation des effectifs étrangers en Afghanistan et l&#8217;accroissement du nombre de victimes de cette force à la suite de la réaction hostile et contestataire des organisations djihadistes extrémistes violentes. Les résultats corroborent et élargissent d&#8217;autres recherches qui suggèrent que, dans certains conflits asymétriques modernes, plus il y a de militaires déployés sur le terrain, plus il y a de victimes. L&#8217;étude suggère que les décideurs dans les conflits doivent se poser la question du nombre optimal de personnes sur le terrain et choisir des lignes d&#8217;action qui équilibrent les objectifs recherchés avec le risque de pertes en vies humaines.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terrorismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[extremismo violento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflicto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[defensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[terrorism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[extremism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conflict]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[defence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[terrorisme]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[extrémisme violent]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[conflit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[sécurité]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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