<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2022000300609</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v62i3.2633</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Ha fracasado la teoría del libre comercio? Una revisión crítica de la teoría de los tratados comerciales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Has free trade theory failed? A critical review of the theory of trade agreements]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[La théorie du libre-échange a-t-elle échoué ? Un examen critique de la théorie des accords commerciaux]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sempere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaume]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México Centro de estudios económicos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>609</fpage>
<lpage>637</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300609&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300609&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300609&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La teoría del comercio internacional incluye los teoremas de las ganancias del libre comercio como una de sus proposiciones fundamentales. Estos teoremas han fundamentado muchos de los movimientos de liberalización comercial que se realizaron a finales del siglo XX. Después de una revisión crítica de los requisitos para la validez de los teoremas del libre comercio, la conclusión de este artículo es que, para obtener las ganancias esperadas de la liberalización comercial, se requiere de un acompañamiento muy sofisticado de políticas públicas, que difícilmente los gobiernos pueden llevar a cabo. Sin embargo, las políticas de ajuste al comercio y de corrección de fallos del mercado pueden ayudar a compensar parcialmente a los afectados negativamente por el comercio, y a realizar las ganancias de eficiencia de éste.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract One of the fundamental propositions of the theory of international trade is the hypothesis that free trade is profitable. This hypothesis underlay many of the trade liberalization movements that took place at the end of the twentieth century. After undertaking a critical review of the requirements for this free trade hypothesis to be valid, this article concludes that, in order to secure the expected gains of trade liberalization, it needs to be accompanied by a very sophisticated public policy effort, one that is hard for governments to achieve. However, the policies of trade adjustment and correction of market failures can help to partially compensate those negatively affected by trade, and aid in realizing the efficiency gains it offers.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé: La théorie du commerce international comprend les théorèmes du profit du libre-échange comme l&#8217;une de ses propositions fondamentales. Ces théorèmes ont inspiré de nombreux mouvements de libéralisation des échanges qui ont eu lieu à la fin du XXe siècle. Après un examen critique des conditions de validité des théorèmes du libre-échange, la conclusion de cet article est que, pour obtenir les gains attendus de la libéralisation des échanges, un accompagnement très sophistiqué des politiques publiques est nécessaire, ce qui est difficilement réalisable par les gouvernements. Cependant, les politiques d&#8217;ajustement commercial et de correction des défaillances du marché peuvent aider à compenser partiellement ceux qui sont négativement affectés par le commerce et à réaliser les gains d&#8217;efficacité du commerce.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teoremas del libre comercio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[uniones aduaneras]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reglas de origen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[compensación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fallos de mercado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[free trade theories]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[customs unions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rules of origin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[compensation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[market failures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[théorèmes du libre-échange]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[unions douanières]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[règles d&#8217;origine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[compensation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[défaillances du marché]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
