<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2022000300559</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v62i3.2884</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Amigos por siempre? Rupturas en el PRI y su efecto en el gasto social durante el autoritarismo electoral en México (1988-2000)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Friends forever? Ruptures in the PRI and their effect on social spending during electoral authoritarianism in Mexico (1988-2000)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Amis pour toujours? Rupture du PRI et son effet sur les dépenses sociales pendant l&#8217;autoritarisme électoral au Mexique (1988-2000)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atilano Robles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>559</fpage>
<lpage>607</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300559&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300559&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000300559&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Se ha encontrado que las deserciones partidistas en autoritarismos electorales pueden generar inestabilidad en el régimen. Asimismo, se ha analizado cómo reaccionan los autócratas. Podría pensarse que comienzan por reprimir a los &#8220;traidores&#8221;. Sin embargo, mi argumento es que existe una estrategia menos riesgosa para solventar la amenaza de las rupturas. Sostengo que los autócratas podrían apelar a las masas a través de incrementos en el gasto social y así evitar que éstas sean cooptadas por los desertores. Examino este argumento con modelos para datos panel y evidencia de la época autoritaria en México a nivel estatal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Partisan defections in electoral authoritarianism have been shown to generate instability for the regime. The reaction of autocrats has also been analyzed. It may be expected that they begin by repressing the &#8220;traitors.&#8221; However, I argue that there is a less risky strategy to resolve the threat of party ruptures. I hold that autocrats can appeal to the masses through increases in social spending and thereby avoid them being coopted by the defectors. I examine this argument using models for panel data and evidence from the authoritarian period in Mexico at state level.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé: Il a été constaté que les défections partisanes dans des pays â autoritarisme électoral peuvent entraîner l&#8217;instabilité dans le régime. De même, on a analysé comment réagissent les autocrates. On pourrait penser qu&#8217;ils commencent par réprimer les «traîtres». Cependant, je soutiens qu&#8217;il existe une stratégie moins risquée pour faire face à la menace de ruptures. Je soutiens que les autocrates pourraient faire appel aux masses en augmentant les dépenses sociales et ainsi les empêcher d&#8217;être cooptés par des transfuges. J&#8217;examine cet argument avec des modèles de données de panel et des preuves venant de l&#8217;ère autoritaire au Mexique au niveau des États.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rupturas partidistas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gasto social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autoritarismo electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PRI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[party ruptures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social spending]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral authoritarianism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PRI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[ruptures partisanes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[dépenses sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Mexique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[autoritarisme électoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[PRI]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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