<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2022000200393</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v62i2.2876</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Niveles de restricción y experiencia política: las candidaturas independientes para el cargo de gobernador en México (2015-2018)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Restriction Levels and Political Experience: Independent Candidacies for Governorships in Mexico (2015-2018)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Niveaux de restriction et expérience politique : candidatures indépendantes au poste de gouverneur au Mexique (2015-2018)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emilio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>393</fpage>
<lpage>431</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200393&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200393&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200393&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Mientras los estudios afirman la fuerte restricción de los candidatos independientes debido a su escaso éxito electoral, este documento argumenta que los requisitos menos restrictivos y la experiencia política favorecen las candidaturas independientes. Para demostrarlo, se clasifican los 31 estados por nivel de restricción, se revisan la proporción de aspirantes y candidatos independientes por nivel, y se indaga la experiencia política de los 97 aspirantes para las gubernaturas de México, entre 2015 y 2018. Los hallazgos principales son: 1) el predominio de entidades con bajo nivel restrictivo que presentan la mayor proporción de aspirantes y candidaturas logradas y 2) el predominio de candidatos con experiencia política.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: While studies assert the strong restrictions on independent candidates due to their electoral success, this paper argues that the least restrictive requirements and political experience favor independent candidacies. To show this, the 31 states of Mexico are classified by restriction levels, and the proportion of independent candidates by level, and the political experience of the 97 candidates for governor in Mexico between 2015 and 2018 are examined. The principal findings are: 1) the predominance of states with a low restriction level that present the highest proportion of candidates and successful candidacies, and 2) the predominance of candidates with political experience.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé : Alors que des études affirment la forte restriction des candidatures indépendantes en raison de leur faible succès électoral, ce document soutient que des exigences moins restrictives et une expérience en politique favorisent les candidatures indépendantes. Pour le démontrer, les 31 États sont classés par niveau de restriction, la proportion d&#8217;aspirants et de candidats indépendants par niveau est passée en revue, ainsi que l&#8217;expérience politique des 97 candidats aux gouvernorats du Mexique, entre 2015 et 2018. Les constatations sont : 1) la prédominance des entités à faible niveau de restriction qui présentent la plus forte proportion de d&#8217;aspirants et de candidats et 2) la prévalence des candidats ayant une expérience politique.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[candidaturas independientes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[requerimientos electorales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aspirantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones de gobernador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[independent candidacies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral requirements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[candidates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[governor elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Mexique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[candidatures indépendantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[exigences électorales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[candidats]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[élections des gouverneurs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>ACE Proyect</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidatos independientes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACE Proyect. Red de conocimientos electorales]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes presidenciales en México 2018. Estructura, oferta y éxito electoral]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Legislativa de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>129-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efrén]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Origen y balance de las candidaturas independientes]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armingeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Klaus]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guthmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kai]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracy in crisis? The declining support for national democracy in European countries, 2007-2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Research]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>423-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nohlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dieter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Derecho electoral latinoamericano. Un enfoque comparativo]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>633-54</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Báez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Origen y contexto histórico de las candidaturas independientes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando Hernández]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes a examen. Resultados del proceso electoral 2017-2018, expectativas y retos coordinado]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>39-54</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tribunal Electoral de la Ciudad de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las candidaturas independientes en México. Una vía para ampliar la participación ciudadana]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes: desafíos y propuestas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant Lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belanger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antipartyism and third-party vote choice: a comparison of Canada Britain and Australia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>1054-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brancati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dawn]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Winning Alone: The Electoral Fate of Independent Candidates Worldwide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>648-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buendía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El cambio electoral en México: 1997-2003]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El cambio político en México]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>121-35</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Electoral del Distrito Federal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Grecia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes en México. Entre la válvula de escape social y la estrategia electoral partidista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política y Cultura]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>31-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curtin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rebels with a cause: independents in Australian politics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sydney ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of New South Wales Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crespo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leyes antibronco]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El Universal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Russell]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ehin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Piret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Independent Candidates in National and European Elections]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bruselas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Parliament]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La alternancia política de las gubernaturas en México]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fontamara]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes en México 2015. La representación partidista cuestionada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Estudios Electorales]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>39-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flavia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuando la ciudadanía toma las riendas: desafíos de las candidaturas independientes]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexander L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case studies and theory development in the Social Sciences]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[MIT Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The case study. What it is and what it does]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. Goodin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>1133-65</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford, University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Control de límites: autoritarismo subnacional en países democráticos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>163-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karolina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El gatopardismo detrás de la regulación de las candidaturas independientes en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Justicia Electoral]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>171-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes: desafíos y propuestas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant Lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giraudy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The politics of subnational undemocratic regime reproduction in Argentina y Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>53-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giraudy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agustina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El análisis subnacional: aportes teóricos y metodológicos a la política comparada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>1-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes: ¿Empoderamiento ciudadano o circulación de élites políticas por otros medios?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Análisis Político y Administración Pública]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>189-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes a examen. Resultados del proceso electoral 2017-2018, expectativas y retos]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tribunal Electoral de la Ciudad de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes. Experiencias y desafíos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Eduardo Medina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidaturas independientes: desafíos y propuestas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>319-47</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tirant Lo Blanch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inglehart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El cambio cultural en las sociedades industriales avanzadas]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Instituto Nacional Electoral, INE</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qué es la lista nominal?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[INE]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El diseño de la investigación social: la inferencia científica en los estudios cualitativos]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laguna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adán Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solís Delgadillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las candidaturas independientes en México: una nueva vía para el reciclaje político]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Electoral del Estado de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lagunes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las candidaturas independientes en el proceso electoral 2017-2018 en México. Evolución, casos exitosos y problemáticas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Estudios Electorales]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>183-222</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Latinobarómetro</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informe 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corporación Latinobarómetro]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lijphart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arend]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative politics and the comparative method]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>682-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Irish Voter: The Nature of Electoral Competition in the Republic of Ireland]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Manchester, University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aidé]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regulación de candidaturas independientes en México y América Latina]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Electoral del Estado de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monsiváis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La insatisfacción con la democracia en México 2014-2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perfiles Latinoamericanos]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El caso Castañeda ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>791-812</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[German]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elites and Turnovers in the Authoritarian Enclaves: Evidence from Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>23-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reynoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudio comparado sobre la libre postulación y candidaturas independientes en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las reformas electorales en Panamá: claves de desarrollo humano para la toma de decisiones]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>316-55</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Panamá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Programa de las Naciones Unidas Para el Desarrollo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reynoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La política después de las ilusiones. La primera candidatura independiente a la gubernatura de Puebla 2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tla-Melaua. Revista de Ciencias Sociales]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>29-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodrigues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Age of Independence? Independents in Australian Parliaments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Australasian Parliamentary Review]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>109-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>36-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schedler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andreas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política de la incertidumbre en los regímenes electorales autoritarios]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Candidatos Independientes en elecciones en Chile, 1989-2005]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reducción de la escala: el método comparativo de unidades subnacionales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>287-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[René]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[México y las candidaturas independientes: ¿aportación democrática o simulación?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Legislativa de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>31-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ureta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miriam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Herramientas teóricas para la definición y análisis de las candidaturas independientes locales: nuevas posibilidades de estudio en el ámbito municipal español]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>11-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La fortaleza de las candidaturas independientes y sus oportunidades de competencia frente a los partidos políticos en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>427-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[We Don&#8217;t Like (to) Party. A Typology of Independents in Irish Political Life, 1922-2007]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Irish Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>1-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why are there Independents in Ireland?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government and Opposition]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>580-604</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zovatto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regulación jurídica de los partidos políticos en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
