<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2022000200341</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v62i2.2817</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Crisis financiera, migración y elecciones en España, Italia, Alemania y Francia (2004-2019)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Financial crisis, migration and elections in Spain, Italy, Germany and France (2004-2019)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Crise financière, migration et élections en Espagne, Italie, Allemagne et France (2004-2019)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guadalupe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xochimilco Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>341</fpage>
<lpage>392</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2022000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En el periodo 2004-2019, los mayores países de la Unión Europea atravesaron dos fases de grandes dificultades que electoralmente desfavorecieron a los partidos mayoritarios. En primer lugar, la crisis de la deuda soberana y del euro, de 2009-2012, y la consecuente aplicación de severas políticas de austeridad. En segundo lugar, los efectos políticos de la crisis de refugiados y migrantes en 2015-2016. Estos problemas de alcance supranacional requirieron que la Comisión Europea acordara medidas que, en principio, debían ser aplicadas por los gobiernos nacionales. Ello ocasionó conflictos internos, los cuales se revirtieron en las elecciones en contra de los gobernantes nacionales y sus partidos, lo que despejó un significativo espacio electoral que fue ocupado por otros partidos. En consecuencia, el formato de sus sistemas de partidos se alteró.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Over the 2004-2019 period, the largest countries in the European Union experienced two phases of major electoral difficulties that proved unfavorable to the majority parties. Firstly, the sovereign debt crisis and the euro crisis of 2009-2012, and the subsequent application of severe austerity policies. Secondly, the political ramifications of the refugee and migrant crisis in 2015-2016. These problems of supranational scope required the European Commission to agree on measures that, in principle, should be applied by national governments. This caused internal conflicts, which let to reverses in the elections at the cost of the national rulers and their parties, clearing a significant electoral space that was occupied by other parties and resulting in changes to the makeup of their party systems.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé : Au cours de la période 2004-2019, les plus grands pays de l&#8217;Union européenne ont traversé deux phases de grandes difficultés qui ont défavorisé électoralement les partis majoritaires. En premier lieu, la crise de la dette souveraine et de l&#8217;euro de 2009-2012, et l&#8217;application qui en découla, de politiques d&#8217;austérité sévères. En deuxième lieu, les effets politiques de la crise des réfugiés et des migrants en 2015-2016. Ces problèmes supranationaux ont obligé la Commission européenne à convenir de mesures qui, en principe, devraient être appliquées par les gouvernements nationaux. Cela a provoqué des conflits internes, qui ont joué, lors des élections, contre les dirigeants nationaux et leurs partis, ce qui a dégagé un espace électoral important occupé par d&#8217;autres partis. Par conséquent, le format de leurs systèmes de partis a été modifié.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[partidos mayoritarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[deuda soberana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crisis migratoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Unión Europea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[majority parties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sovereign debt]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migration crisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[European Union]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[grands partis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[dette souveraine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[crise migratoire]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[élections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Union européenne]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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