<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-013X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Foro internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Foro int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-013X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-013X2017000200389</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24201/fi.v57i2.2431</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El papel geoestratégico de Asia Central]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Geostrategic Role of Central Asia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Le rôle géostratégique de l&#8217;Asie Centrale]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lascurain Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de Veracruz Academia de Estudios Internacionales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>389</fpage>
<lpage>421</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-013X2017000200389&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-013X2017000200389&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-013X2017000200389&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Uno de los acontecimientos geopolíticos más importantes de finales del siglo XX fue la aparición de cinco nuevos estados-nación, en lo que Halford Mackinder denominó, en 1904, como el pivote geográfico del mundo o heartland. Uzbekistán, Turkmenistán, Kazajstán, Tayikistán y Kirguizistán son los países que conforman Asia Central y en la actualidad desempeñan un papel relevante en la geopolítica y geoeconomía mundiales, principalmente por sus reservas de hidrocarburos. Sin embargo, por su importancia en la región, ésta se encuentra inmersa en diferentes conflictos, como procesos inconclusos de democratización, disputas por el uso y explotación de los recursos del Mar Caspio, problemas étnicos, un incremento del fundamentalismo islámico, los cuales alteran la estabilidad regional e internacional, a más de una intensa rivalidad de las potencias mundiales y regionales por influir en la zona. Este artículo identifica los conflictos más importantes en Asia Central y determina algunos de los posibles escenarios para el futuro de la región.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: One of the most important geopolitical events at the end of the twentieth century was the appearance of five new nation-states in what Halford Mackinder described, in 1904, as the heartland or geographical hub of the world. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kirghizstan are the countries that make up Central Asia and that currently play an important role in global geopolitics and the global economy, above all because of their oil and gas reserves. However, given their importance in the region, they are experiencing a range of conflicts, including incomplete democratization processes, disputes over the use and exploitation of the Caspian Sea resources, ethnic problems, and a rise in Islamic fundamentalism, all of which impact on regional and international stability, in addition to an intense rivalry between global and regional powers for influence in the zone. This paper identifies the most significant conflicts in Central Asia and sketches out some of the possible scenarios for the region&#8217;s future.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé: L&#8217;un des événements géopolitiques les plus importants à la fin du xxème siècle a été l&#8217;apparition de cinq États-nations dans la région que Halford Mackinder a décrit en 1904 comme «pivot géographique de l&#8217;histoire» ou heartland. L&#8217;Ouzbékistan, le Turkménistan, le Kazakhstan, le Tadjikistan et le Kirghizistan sont les pays constituant l&#8217;Asie Centrale qui désormais jouent un rôle important dans la géopolitique et la géoéconomie du monde, en raison surtout de leurs réserves d&#8217;hydrocarbures. Cette région est plongée, néanmoins, dans des conflits de toute sorte, y compris ceux qui résultent de processus de démocratisation inachevés; les disputes au sujet de l&#8217;utilisation et de l&#8217;exploitation des ressources de la mer Caspienne; des tensions ethniques et la montée du fondamentalisme islamique. La stabilité de la région et de la planète en souffre, pour ne rien dire des fortes rivalités entre les puissances mondiales et régionales qui cherchent à exercer leur influence sur ces territoires. Après avoir identifié les grands conflits en Asie Centrale, l&#8217;article esquisse plusieurs perspectives d&#8217;avenir.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Asia Central]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geopolítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflictos regionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central Asia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geopolitics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regional conflicts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Asie Centrale]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[géopolitique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[conflits régionaux]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keeping Central Asia stable]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akbarzadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>689-705</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fundamentalismo Islámico en Asia Central: causas, actores y perspectivas de futuro]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Luciana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Grupo de Estudios Internacionales Contemporáneos]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>3-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asia Central]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CIDOB d&#8217;Afers Internacionals]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The New Great Game]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Subodh]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The National Interest]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>101-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política exterior de los Estados Unidos en Asia Central: el caso de Uzbekistán]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Anáhuac]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beehner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lionel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ASIA: U.S. Military Bases in Central Asia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Council on Foreign Relations]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[After Two Wars: Reflections on the American Strategic Revolution in Central Asia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conflict Studies Research Centre]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>BP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical Review of World Energy]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cuarta Cumbre del Caspio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Kremlin]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Astrakhan ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Developments in the evolving Caspian legal regime: part 2-2]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cutler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[FSU Oil &amp; Gas Monitor]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>97</numero>
<issue>97</issue>
<page-range>4-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Terrorismo yihadista en Asia Central: ¿amenaza existencial o fantasma?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Pedro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolás]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Opinión CIDOB]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>362</numero>
<issue>362</issue>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ready to go? ISIS and its presumed expansion into Central Asia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dyner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Legiec]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arkadiusz]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rekawek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kacper]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Policy Paper]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>1-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regímenes políticos de Asia Central: crisis de legitimidad, violencia política y perspectivas inciertas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Djalili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CIDOB d&#8217;Afers Internacionals]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
<page-range>35-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>EIA: Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caspian Sea, Turkey, India, China, Central Asia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Country Analysis Briefs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EIA: Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Overview of oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EIA: Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caspian countries are developing new oil and natural gas export capacity]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EIA: Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[China, international energy and data analysis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EIA: Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Turkey, international energy and data analysis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>EIA:Energy Information Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Beta: International, Reserves and Capacity, Petroleum and Natural Gas]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fairbanks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Starr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Frederick]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weisbrode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Strategic Assessment of Central Eurasia]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Atlantic Council of the United States]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shireen T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia since independence]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Preager Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IEEE: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Panorama geopolítico de los Conflictos 2013]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Defensa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Syria calling: Radicalisation in Central Asia]]></article-title>
<collab>ICG: International Crisis Group</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Policy Briefing]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IRIN: Integrated Regional Information Networks</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Kyrgyzstan: Poverty and migration in the Fergana Valley]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of Central Asia and Caspian Energy]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chatham House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Frustration builds among Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khamidov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alisher]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eurasianet]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kovalskii]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democratic Declarations and Political Realities]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassiliev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia, Political and Economic Challenges in the Post-Soviet Era]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Saqi Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laherrere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Forecasting future production from past discovery]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ OPEC Semminar]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Viena </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Central Asia in Russian and American Foreign Policy after September 11, 2001]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapidus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gail W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Responses to the War on Terrorism]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Geographical Pivot of History]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackinder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Geographical Journal]]></source>
<year>1904</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>421-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tapping a New Way to Survive]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahkamov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anvar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Transitions Online: Regional Intelligence]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Territorios ricos en hidrocarburos de Asia Central, ¿países productores, enclaves exportadores o países de tránsito?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mañé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CIDOB d&#8217;Afers Internacionals]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
<page-range>87-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>MAEC: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Turkmenistán, ficha país]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gobierno de España, Oficina de Información Diplomática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>MAEC: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tayikistán, ficha país]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gobierno de España, Oficina de Información Diplomática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>MFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People&#8217;s Republic of China</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ferghana Report]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia Monitor]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>National Energy Policy Development Group</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Reliable, Affordable, and Environmentally Sound Energy for America&#8217;s Future]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United States Government Printing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nichol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia&#8217;s Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Department of State]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El status jurídico del Mar Caspio]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Geoeconomics and Geopolitics Journal]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Stability in the Conditions of the Command-Administrative Regime]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassiliev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia, Political and Economic Challenges in the Post-Soviet Era]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Saqi Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Caspian oil and Gas, How far have we come and where are we going?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cummings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sally N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Oil, Transition and Security in Central Asia]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge Curzon]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La nueva Asia Central o la fabricación de naciones]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sequitur]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barnett R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia Wars and Ethnic Conflicts, Rebuilding Failed States]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rumer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugene]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokolsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stronski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. Policy toward Central Asia 3.0]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Publication Department]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asia Central en un mundo en cambio: de región periférica a área generadora de aplicaciones de políticas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sainz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nora]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista CIDOB d&#8217;Afers Internacionals]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
<page-range>115-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chinese Business Interests in Central Asia: A Quest for Dominance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swanström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Niklas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Severe Lessons of Batken]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tursunov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bakhrom]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pikulina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conflict Studies Research Centre]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>1-13</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[UK Ministry of Defence]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Security, Transforming risk into Cooperation: Central Asia/Ferghana/Osh/Khujand area]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United Nations Environmental Programme]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Afganistán: UNODC advierte riesgo de que se convierta en «narco-Estado»]]></article-title>
<collab>UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Centro de noticias ONU online]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Afghanistan Opium Survey]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Viena ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe mundial sobre las drogas 2014]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Viena ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Air Force</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Locations]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>USCB: U.S. Census Bureau</collab>
<source><![CDATA[U. S. International Trade in Goods and Services (FT900), Exhibit 17a- U.S. Imports of Crude Oil by Selected Countries]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassiliev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Central Asia, Political and Economic Challenges in the Post-Soviet Era]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Saqi Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Asia Central: Movimientos Islamistas]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El fundamentalismo islámico en Asia Central]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zapater Espí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis-Tomás]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos Const, de la Cátedra Fadrique Furió Ceriol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>41</numero>
<issue>41</issue>
<page-range>181-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
