<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0041-8633</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín mexicano de derecho comparado]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Mex. Der. Comp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0041-8633</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0041-86332017000100427</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Comparative Analysis of CJEU and North American Jurisprudence in the Area of the Validity of Jurisdiction Clauses in Online Consumer Contracts]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis comparado de la jurisprudencia del TJUE y de los tribunales norteamericanos en materia de validez de las cláusulas de elección de tribunal en los contratos de consumo online]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez Gardeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>148</numero>
<fpage>427</fpage>
<lpage>456</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0041-86332017000100427&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0041-86332017000100427&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0041-86332017000100427&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Consumer relations concluded by Internet represent a challenge to jurists, who in the area of offline contracts are forced to rethink many issues that had already been settled. One of the most crucial of these issues is the validity of jurisdiction clauses. Added to the debate on self-regulation and state control is the factor of the traditional lack of protection of consumers and the speed with which contracts are concluded on the net. The possibility of the consumer bringing an action in the state in which they live is the key to making the principle of effective legal protection a reality. Regulation of the formal criteria for jurisdiction clauses and the establishment of underlying principles not only guarantee balance between the sides but also foster increased confidence in online consumer relations. The experience of the north American courts in question, derived from the large numbers of online transactions, are exportable to other legal systems. Some concepts like those of stream of commerce or doing business which are related to active and passive websites still form the basis for drawing up rules for international judicial competence. In this respect the European Union has the advantage that it is an integrated system with a supreme body to interpret law. Finally, the need for conventional rules is clear in America, where attempts at unification have been fruitless.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Las relaciones de consumo que se verifican por Internet suponen un reto para los juristas, que se ven obligados a repensar muchas cuestiones ya pacíficas para el ámbito de los contratos online. Una de las más trascendentes es la validez de las cláusulas de elección de tribunal competente. Al debate entre autorregulación y control estatal se suma el factor de la tradicional desprotección de los consumidores y la velocidad de celebración de contratos en la red. La posibilidad de que el consumidor interponga su demanda en el Estado de su domicilio es la clave para que el principio de tutela judicial efectiva sea real. La regulación de los criterios formales de las cláusulas de elección de tribunal y el establecimiento de unos principios de fondo no sólo garantizan el equilibrio entre las partes, sino que van en pos de un aumento de la confianza en las relaciones de consumo online. La experiencia de los tribunales norteamericanos en la cuestión, derivada del mayor número de transacciones online, sirve para ser exportada a otros sistemas jurídicos. Algunos conceptos como el de stream of commerce o doing business, que guardan relación con sitios web activos y pasivos, son la base aún de la elaboración de normas de competencia judicial internacional. En ese sentido, la Unión Europea cuenta con la ventaja de ser un sistema integrado con un máximo órgano intérprete del derecho. Por último, la necesidad de normas convencionales se hace patente en América, donde los intentos de unificación han sido estériles.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international judicial competence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[consumer contracts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[internet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[jurisdictional clauses-freedom of choice]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[comparative law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competencia judicial internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contratos de consumo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[internet]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cláusulas de elección de foro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autonomía de la voluntad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derecho comparado]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Legislación básica de derecho internacional privado]]></source>
<year></year>
<edition>24</edition>
<page-range>100 and 101</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tecnos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campuzano Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las normas de competencia judicial internacional del reglamento 1215/2012 y los demandados domiciliados fuera de la UE: análisis de la reforma / The Rules of Jurisdiction in Regulation 1215/2012 and Defendants Domiciled Outside the European Union: Analysis of the Reform]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castellanos Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El concepto de actividad profesional &#8216;dirigida&#8217; al Estado miembro del consumidor: stream-of-commerce]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>70-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[(1st court) decision of 14th December 2006, case C-283/05]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ASML Netherlands BV v. Semiconductor Industry Services GmbH (SEMIS), Rec.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>I-12041</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[(main court) decision of 28th April 2009, case C-420/07]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Meletis Apostolides v. D.C. Orams and L.E. Orams, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>I-03571</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement (First Chamber) of 14th May 2009]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renate Ilsinger/Martin Dreschers, administrator in the insolvency of Schlank &amp; Schick GmbH, C-180/06, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>I-3961</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement (Sala Octava) of 14th November 2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Armin Maletic, Marianne Maletic v. lastminute.com GmbH, tui Österreich GmbH, C-478/12, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement of 17th October 2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lokman Emrek v. Vlado Sabramovic, case C-218/12, Rec]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement of 1st March 2005]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Owusu, C-281/02, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>I-383</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement of 26th October 2006, case C-168/05]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Elisa María Mostaza Claro v. Centro Móvil Milenium, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>10421</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement of 28th March 2000, case C-7/98]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dieter Krombach / André Bamberski, Rec.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>01935</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Asturcom Telecomunicaciones, S.L. v.]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>CJEU</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[judgement of 7th December 2010, joined cases C-585/08 and C-144/09]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Peter Pammer v. Reederei Karl Schlüter GmbH &amp; Co KG / Hotel Alpenhof GesmbH v. Oliver Heller, Rec]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>12527</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Miguel Asensio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El asunto Pammer y el art. 15 RBI]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Miguel Asensio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sitios web y &#8216;riesgo jurisdiccional&#8217; en la contratación de consumo]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haynes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Short Arm Of The Law: Simplifying Personal Jurisdiction Over Virtually Present Defendants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[U. Miami Law Rev.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>133-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On-line Consumer Standard-Form Contracting Practices: A Survey and Discussions of Legal Implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corner Law School-Legal Studies Research Paper Series]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mawer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Achieving Personal Jurisdiction Using Internet Contacts: The Need to Establish A Unified Standard]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Southern Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>139-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jayme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Le droit international privé du nouveau millénaire: la protection de la personne humaine face à la globalisation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Récueil des Cours]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>282</volume>
<page-range>9-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Post]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Law and Borders - the Rise of Law in Cyberspace]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stanford Law Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>1367-402</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D&#8217;Avout]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Internet. Accesibilité ou focalisation: la Cour de Justice tranche mais ne convainc pas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Semaine Juridique - édition générale]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>226-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lafuente Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El criterio del International Stream-of commerce y los foros de competencia en materia de contratos electrónicos celebrados con consumidores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>177-201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paredes Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La internacionalidad del contrato de consumo en el Reglamento de Bruselas I, Comentario a la STJUE del 14 de noviembre de 2013, Asunto C-478/2012]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Maletic lastminute.com GmbH&#8221;, La ley Unión Europea]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pazos Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El contrato celebrado en el marco de una actividad comercial dirigida al consumidor. Comments on the CJEU judgement of 17th October 2013 (case C-218/12, Emrek)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín del Ministerio de Justicia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>2165</numero>
<issue>2165</issue>
<page-range>13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las condiciones de uso de los sitios web y los browse-wrap agreements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[DeCITA. Derecho del comercio internacional. Temas y actualidades]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>5/6</numero>
<issue>5/6</issue>
<page-range>43-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una nueva fórmula para la supresión del exequátur en la reforma del reglamento Bruselas I]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>330-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Buy It Now: Establishing Personal Jurisdiction Over Out-Of-State Defendants Who Conduct Business Through Online Intermediaries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Seton Hall Law Review]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>1075-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swetnam-Burland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sitham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Back to the Future: revisiting Zippo in Light of &#8216;Modern Concerns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Marshall J. Computer &amp; Info. L.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>231-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez Gardeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La indefensión del demandado como excepción en el proceso civil internacional dentro de la Unión Europea]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goizueta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cienfuegos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La eficacia de los derechos fundamentales de la UE. Cuestiones avanzadas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>215-46</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cizur Mayor ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez Gardeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La protección del consumidor en el marco de las relaciones internacionales de consumo online. Un estudio del derecho comparado desde la jurisprudencia más reciente]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cursos de derecho internacional y relaciones internacionales de Vitoria-Gasteiz 2013]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>533-62</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cizur Mayor ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez Gardeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La protección al consumidor online en el derecho internacional privado interamericano]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEDEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
