Progression of aging in Mexico: the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) 2012

Progresión del envejecimiento en México: Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem) 2012

Rebeca Wong, PhD,⁽¹⁾ Alejandra Michaels-Obregón, MS, MBA,⁽¹⁾ Alberto Palloni, PhD,⁽²⁾ Luis Miguel Gutiérrez-Robledo, MD, PhD,⁽³⁾ César González-González, PhD,^(3-5) Mariana López-Ortega, MPP PhD,⁽³⁾ Martha MaríaTéllez-Rojo, PhD,⁽⁶⁾ Laura Rosario Mendoza-Alvarado, Lic TS.⁽⁷⁾

(1) Sealy Center on Aging, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center on Aging and Health, University of Texas Medical Branch. The United States.

(3) Instituto Nacional de Geriatría. Mexico.

(4) Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Mexico.

(5) University of Texas Medical Branch.The United States.

(6) Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Mexico.

(7) Centro de Investigación en Evaluación y Encuestas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Mexico.

Corresponding author

Abstract

Materials and methods. Descriptive analyses by gender and age group of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health conditions and health behaviors, as well as social support and life satisfaction measures are presented. In addition, external validations are presented by comparing MHAS 2012 indicators with other national data sources.

Results. For the panel of older adults in the sample, the rate of health care insurance coverage increased greatly between 2001 and 2012, a significantly higher change in rural compared to urban areas. The results for 2012 are consistent with the previous two waves for the main indicators of health and physical disability prevalence, risk factors,and behaviors.

Conclusions. The MHAS offers a unique opportunity to study aging in Mexico, as well as to complete cross-national comparisons. The cumulative number of deaths in the cohort should support the study of mortality and its association with health outcomes and behaviors over the life cycle. In addition, the sub-samples of objective markers will enable methodological research on self-reports and associations of biomarkers in old age with similar health outcomes and behaviors.

Key words: older adult; longitudinal studies; health; aging; Mexico.

Resumen

Objetivo. Describir la tercera ronda del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem), completada en 2012, y presentar algunos resultados preliminares.

Material y métodos. Se presentan análisis descriptivos por género y grupo de edad, de las características demográficas y socioeconómicas, de las condiciones y comportamientos de salud, así como de las medidas de apoyo social y de satisfacción con la vida. Además, se presentan los resultados de validaciones externas realizadas comparando indicadores del Enasem 2012 con los de otras fuentes de datos nacionales.

Resultados. Para el panel de los adultos mayores en la muestra, la tasa de cobertura de aseguramiento en salud aumentó considerablemente entre 2001 y 2012; el cambio fue significativamente mayor en zonas rurales en comparación con las urbanas. Los resultados de los principales indicadores de salud, prevalencia de la discapacidad física, factores de riesgo y comportamientos de salud son consistentes con los de las dos rondas anteriores.

Conclusiones. El Enasem ofrece una oportunidad única para estudiar el envejecimiento en México así como para realizar comparaciones entre países. El número acumulado de muertes en la cohorte permitirá un mejor estudio sobre mortalidad y las consecuencias en salud de los comportamientos a lo largo del ciclo de vida. Además, los marcadores objetivos en la submuestra permitirán el análisis metodológico de los autorreportes y de las asociaciones de los biomarcadores con los resultados y los comportamientos de salud en la vejez.

All countries around the world are experiencing a rapid growth in the population of older adults; adults 60 years and older will be the largest group in the population age pyramid of most countries by 2050, a number reported to grow to 2 billion by 2050, surpassing the population of children 0 to 14 years old.^1,2

The current relatively fast pace of aging in Latin America compared to that experienced by developed countries in the past is an inevitable consequence of the timing and pace of the demographic transition and the shift due to rapid mortality and fertility declines. In addition to this peculiarity, it is important to note that the decline of child and adult mortality rates in the developing countries was achieved mainly through successful adoption of health policies and medical technology.^3,4 Conversely, in developed countries that aged before, the transition occurred mainly by improving the standards of living inpopulations that already enjoyed high standards at the time that their aging process started. Another factor is that this fast pace of aging is taking place under insufficient economic development and institutional infrastructure. Aging is thus premature, given the level of economic development in Mexico, as in other developing countries. This set of unique features implies that we have a scientific opportunity to make original contributions to the study of aging by studying the population of countries like Mexico. The current cohorts of older adults in Mexico survived childhood conditions characterized by infectious diseases and generally low socioeconomic infrastructure. Future cohorts will be vastly different, having lived their infancy and adulthood with significant improvements in public health and education compared to the current cohorts of elderly. Thus, comparisons across birth cohorts over time will provide insights on how aging can proceed in rapidly changing societies in developing countries like Mexico.

The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) is the first longitudinal study of older adults in Mexico with a broad socioeconomic perspective.⁵ The study was designed following the blueprints of the first longitudinal study of this kind, the Health and Retirement Study of the United States (HRS) that began in 1992,⁶ while incorporating unique features relevant to the Mexican context and culture. Since the launch of the MHAS in 2001, more than 30 similar studies have been conducted in other countries including England,⁷ China,⁸ India, South Korea, Ireland,⁹ Costa Rica, and other countries in Western Europe.

The MHAS primary objective is to collect information from a large representative panel of the Mexican population 50 years old and over to examine the aging process and its disease and disability burden using a wide socioeconomic perspective.¹⁰ The MHAS was designed to prospectively evaluate the impact of disease on the health, function, and mortality of older adults in Mexico.

The study included a baseline survey in 2001 of a national representative sample in both rural and urban areas, of individuals born prior to 1951. The fieldwork was conducted by trained personnel from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) in Mexico. The baseline sample was drawn from the National Employment Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, ENE), carried out by INEGI. Households with at least one resident aged 50 years or older were selected to be part of the sample; if more than one person was age-eligible, one was randomly selected. Also, if the selected subject was married or in a consensual union, with the spouse residing in the same household, the spouse or partner was also recruited for the study regardless of his/ her age. Six states accounting for 40% of all migrants to the U.S. were over-sampled (ratio 1.7 to 1), and a random sub-sample was selected from which to obtain anthropometric measures. The second wave of the study took place in 2003, in which all study subjects from 2001 were followed up and new spouses were added to the study. During the follow-up interview, a next-of-kin interview on deceased study subjects was also completed. The thematic content of the MHAS survey instrument included: demographic data, household residents and children's rosters, self-reported health in several dimensions (chronic diseases, perceived global health, physical function, cognition, depression), information on parents and children, help received from- and given to- children, institutional support, life satisfaction, time use, social support and social engagement, dwelling conditions, economic aspects such as health expenditures, health insurance coverage, pensions received or expected, income by sources, and the value of accumulated assets. Further details on the study can be found in Wong and colleagues.¹¹

The third wave of the MHAS was conducted in 2012, consisting of a third follow-up interview to all age-eligible subjects from the 2001 and 2003 surveys. This wave added also a sample of people born in 1952-1961 (50 to 60 years old in 2012) to "refresh" the study sample, as well as their spouses/partners regardless of age. The new sample was drawn from the 2012 Mexican National Employment and Occupation Survey (ENOE, previously named National Employment Survey, ENE). The MHAS study protocol and instruments were approved by the Institutional Review Board or Ethics Committee of the University of Texas Medical Branch, the INEGI in Mexico, and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) in Mexico. The MHAS thus far has obtained high response and follow-up rates.^11,12 A fourth wave of the MHAS will be collected in 2015.

The MHAS offers a unique opportunity to examine the dynamics of aging in Mexico. The sample size and the periods between waves allow for full estimation of the transitions in physical and mental health, functionality, labor force, and migration over time. In addition, the cumulative number of deaths over time provides enough statistical power to study the association between mortality, migration, physical and mental health, and disability. Also unique to the timing of the three waves is the ability to study the impact of health reforms such as the introduction of Seguro Popular in 2003.¹³ Finally, also important to the longitudinal characteristics of the study is the possibility to estimate cohort effects thanks to the addition of younger-cohort samples over time. In the rest of the article, we summarize the third wave of the MHAS, completed in 2012, and present select basic results.

The MHAS 2012 aimed to re-contact the 2001 and 2003 respondents and add a representative sample of the population from the 1952-1961 birth cohorts. In addition, similar to 2003, new spouses/partners of study subjects were added to the study regardless of age, and proxy and next-of-kin interviews were conducted when applicable. A new sub-sample was selected for the 2012 survey in order to collect anthropometric measures, blood pressure readings, performance tests, and blood biomarkers. The fieldwork was completed once again by trained personnel of the INEGI. The sub-sample fieldwork was completed in collaboration with the INSR During the 2012 survey 18 465 interviews were completed, including 12 569 follow-up and 5 896 new sample interviews. Of the total, 14 448 were direct, 1275 were proxy interviews, and 2 742 were next-of-kin Over the life of the panel, the cumulative number of reported deaths with next-of-kin interviews is 3 288. The response rate for the 2012 survey was 88.1% (i.e., interviews were obtained corresponding to 88.1% of target individuals, dead or alive). Also new to 2012 was that the survey was conducted using a new Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) system, as interviews were conducted with paper-and-pencil in the first two waves.¹¹

To provide an overview of the population 50 years and older in 2012, we begin our analyses with descriptions of a selection of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-reported health conditions and health behaviors, as well as social support and satisfaction items. We then conduct a brief external survey validation of MHAS 2012 by comparing indicators with the 2010 Census¹⁴ and the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, Ensanut) 2012.¹⁵ Both the descriptions and the survey validation results are weighted statistics using individual sampling weights.

Results

Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics

Table I provides descriptive statistics by gender and by age group (50-59 and 60 years and older). As in previous waves of the study, the findings reflect greater survival of women compared to men and a tendency for women to remain without a partner in old age. The mean age was relatively higher for men compared to women (67.8 versus 66.4 years). For both genders, approximately 8% of the population 50 and older was aged 80+. Regarding marital status, a higher percentage of women than men reported being single, widowed, divorced, or separated: 41.1% of women compared to 18.6% of men.

The mean years of education was higher for men (7.8 years) than for women (7.0 years); 10.5% of women reported having no formal education compared to 9% of men. Despite the consistent higher level of educational achievement for men compared to women, the education gap by gender is closing as reflected by comparisons of the younger cohort (ages 50-59) with the older cohort (ages 60+). Regarding employment status, 57.4% of women were engaged in household work and 68.5% of men reported to work. The percentage of men 50 years and older who ever migrated (to live or work) to the US was significantly higher compared to women (14.8 versus 3.5%). This result is very similar to the one obtained in 2001 with the baseline MHAS.^16,17

Compared to the health insurance coverage reported in 2001, the 2012 data confirmed a significant increase in insurance coverage among adults, particularly in rural areas. Figure 1 illustrates the insurance changes by locality size between 2001 and 2012. Of the total rural population aged 50 and older in 2001, almost one-half (49.9%) were uninsured in 2001 but had insurance by 2012. This gain was relatively lower in urban areas (19.9%). The rise in insurance coverage by 2012 is mainly explained by the introduction of the Seguro Popular around 2003, a social protection policy designed to provide access to health services to the population who lacked other public or private health care coverage, a measure which had higher impact in rural areas.¹³ In 2001, 49.3% of men and 45.1% of women had no health insurance coverage.^18,19 In 2012, only 16.9% of men and 13.7% of women reported having no insurance (table I).

Table II provides descriptive statistics of health conditions and health behaviors by gender and for two age groups (50-59 and 60 years and older) in 2012. High percentages of the population reported poor or fair global health status: 57.1% of men and 67.5% of women. These results are consistent to those obtained with the MHAS 2001 cross-section, where 57.6% of men and 67.9% of women of comparable ages reported poor and fair health status.²⁰ Table II indicates also that the self-report of chronic health conditions was higher for the older age group (60 years and older) compared to the younger counterparts. These self-reports were based on answers to the question "has a doctor or medical personnel ever told you that you have..." for each condition. These age differences held for hypertension, diabetes, lung disease, heart attack, stroke, and arthritis. One exception is self-reported cancer among women (those aged 50-59 have similarly low rates as do women aged 60+). In addition, the self-report of chronic diseases was consistently higher among women compared to men, with two exceptions: in the older age group, more men than women self-reported having had a heart attack or stroke.

Physical disability

We used the functional dependence definition to capture the concept of disability, traditionally measured through surveys with self-reports on the ability to conduct the basic activities of daily living (ADL) without help.²¹ We focus on six basic ADLs: bathing, toileting, transferring into and out of bed, walking, dressing, and eating. We collapsed the number of disabilities into categories to facilitate analysis: no ADLs, one ADL, two ADLs, and three or more ADLs. Women reported more often than men having difficulty with the six daily tasks. Results also show that, with age, the percentage of men and women reporting difficulty with ADLs was higher, especially in the subgroup of women 60 and older.

As for the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), we included four IADL: preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, taking medication, and managing own money. The 2012 results indicate that women consistently had more difficulty than men with most of the IADL, despite their being closely tied to activities that are commonplace for women throughout their life. Men reported higher percentage of limitations only in "preparing a hot meal", which can be due to their life history, cultural practices, and the historical division of labor between men and women in Mexico.

Risk factors: body mass index and tobacco smoking

We used body mass index (BMI), which was calculated by dividing self-reported weight (kilograms) by self-reported height (meters) squared.^22,23 For the descriptive analysis, we grouped BMI using the World Health Organization cut-off points²⁴ into the following categories: <18.5=underweight, 18.5-24.9=normal, 25-29.9=overweight, and >30=obese. The mean BMI was higher for women compared to men; this result is also observed across age groups. The percentage of obesity was significantly higher for women than for men (26.7 versus 22.3%). However, the combined percentage of obese and overweight men was 66.9%, a result similar to that for women (66.6%).

Social support and satisfaction

An important addition introduced in MHAS 2012 was the inclusion of several psychosocial measures. Table III shows results for the main measures of the new section, including health care decisions and life satisfaction.

A majority of both men and women (84-89%) perceived that they had a lot of power over personal health decisions. In addition, both men and women indicated a strong preference for making final decisions regarding personal health, either by themselves (55-59%) or with their doctor and family (30-38). Only 11.4% of men and 8.3% of women would leave the decisions to the doctor only. Finally, the results indicate higher life satisfaction among men compared to women. While 71.4% of men believed their life was close to ideal, 67.8% of women agreed with this statement. This result was similar for the statement "conditions of life are excellent", "satisfied with life", and "got things that are important". In general, life satisfaction seemed similar or slightly higher for older (aged 60+) adults compared to the younger cohort (age 50-59).

External survey validation

Table IV provides the results of the survey validation exercise comparing indicators of MHAS 2012 with the 2012 Ensanut, for both age cohorts 50-59 years and 60 years and older. Despite the differences found across studies, the validation exercise revealed satisfactory comparisons. We present only a selection of measures that were comparable across the two data sources.

Regarding chronic health conditions, the prevalence reported in Ensanut was close to that obtained with the MHAS for diabetes, heart attack, and stroke. The most noticeable difference was hypertension, which was almost 11% age points higher for adults aged 50 to 59 years in Ensanut and 17 percentage points higher among adults 60 years and older in Ensanut compared to MHAS. The employment status statistics also differed across studies; both studies showed similar percentages of older adults currently working, but larger differences for other categories: household work, doesn't work, and other. Finally, the results for BMI measures were quite similar across the two studies. The mean BMI for the younger cohort in Ensanut was 29.5 (standard deviation 5.4) compared to 27.8 (standard deviation 4.9) in MHAS. For the older age group, the mean BMI was 26.9 in MHAS compared to 27.9 in Ensanut. In terms of average weight and height, the two studies yielded close measures. For example, average weight for MHAS (ages 50-59) was 71.7 kilos compared to 73.1 kilos in Ensanut. Regarding these comparisons, it is important to note that height and weight measures were self-reported in MHAS and objective measures used in Ensanut.

In addition, the external validation exercise included a comparison of the MHAS 2012 with the 2010 Census (results not shown). The exercise focused on gender, age, and marital status statistics. Overall we found no major discrepancies. For example, for Mexican adults aged 60 and older, while according to the Census 53.5% of the population was female, the percentage is 54.9 in the MHAS. Also, the mean age was 69.9 in the MHAS, while in the Census the mean was 70.8. Finally, regarding marital status, the MHAS reported that 64.1% were married or in union versus 59.6% in the Census. Some of these differences could be explained by the 2-year difference between the collection of the Census data and the MHAS.

Objective markers sub-sample

Most health conditions in the survey are measured with self-reports from the respondents. However, limited contact with the health system could lead to under-detection and under-report of major chronic conditions and could therefore influence self-report.²⁶ Thus, for MHAS 2012, a sub-sample was selected for additional data collection to foster research that takes into account the possible bias introduced by self-reports.

The objective markers collected included anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist, hip and calf circumference, knee length), timed one-leg stands, blood pressure readings, and performance tests (grip strength and timed walk). Blood samples were taken to obtain the following biomarkers with venous blood: C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker related to immune system function, a common marker of inflammation and infection; total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a biomarker used to diagnose a thyroid disorder; and vitamin D, a common antioxidant. In addition, markers of anemia and diabetes -hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) tests- were completed with capillary blood. The combination of the anthropometric measures such as waist to hip ratios, and biomarkers, including glucose, blood pressure and lipids, will help researchers assess the extent to which this population has metabolic syndrome. Also, some biomarkers, such as CRP, in combination with anthropometric assessment, such as leg length, can be used to assess the validity of conjectures linking early exposure and adult disease. These biomarkers were selected because they addressed important research concerns for the Mexican population and because the blood tests require no fasting and are stable tests given that the blood samples were obtained in households distributed across urban and rural areas.

The sub-sample was limited to four states to maximize the standardization of collection procedures. The sub-sample included the full sample of completed direct interviews in four selected states (n=2 086), including a relatively poor state, a highly urban state, a high US-migration state and a high-diabetes state. The health visit for this sub-sample was completed by trained INSP personnel about 1-2 weeks after the main MHAS survey interview conducted by INEGI. The blood was centrifuged, covered, and stored in special refrigeration containers, and shipped to the INSP laboratories in Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Table V provides select results comparing the sub-sample for objective markers with the rest of the interviewed sample (including proxy interviews). In general, the findings indicate no significant differences between the two groups in demographic and health characteristics. However, while the mean age of the sub-sample was 62.1 years, it was 64.7 for the rest of the sample; the age difference was significant (p-value=0.000). Also, participants from the sub-sample were slightly more likely to report fair or poor health compared to the rest of the sample (63.3% compared to 61.2%, p-value=0.002). On the other hand, the results did not indicate significant gender or rural / urban location differences, or differences in main self-reported health conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or self-reported BMI.

Discussion

In conclusion, the MHAS 2012 wave, with the companion 2001 and 2003 waves, offers a unique opportunity to examine the dynamics of aging in Mexico and more generally in developing societies that are aging fast, enabling cross-national comparisons with similar studies such as the Health and Retirement Study in the United States.*

Acknowledgments

The MHAS is supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging (R01AG018016, R Wong, PI) and by the INEGI in Mexico. The study is a collaborative effort of the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI, Mexico), the University of Wisconsin, the Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (Inger, Mexico), and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP, Mexico). We appreciate the assistance of Dr. Brian Downer with the analysis of the anthropometrics and biomarkers sub-sample. We also appreciate the contributions of Dr. Sarah Toombs with comments to an earlier version of this article.

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Received on: March 24, 2015
Accepted on: April 14, 2015

Corresponding author:
Dr. Rebeca Wong.
PhD. University of Texas Medical Branch.
301 University Blvd. 77555-0177 Galveston, TX, ]]> The United States of America.
E-mail: rewong@utmb.edu.

Declaration of conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Notas

* The MHAS study databases and documentation can be accessed free-of-charge from the MHAS study website, a platform both in English (www.mhasweb.org) and in Spanish (www.enasem.org). The website is a user-friendly environment designed to enhance the usability of the data files and enhance access to the study products, including a searchable database of publications using MHAS data and a Discussion Forum for questions and answers from users of the data.⁵