<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2012000600006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de activación neutrónica y actividad en el acero de la vasija de un reactor nuclear tipo BWR para su estudio sin riesgos radiológicos en microscopía y espectrometría]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moranchel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Bórquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longoria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas Departamento de Física]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D.F.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Atomic Energy Agency Department of Technical Cooperation Division for Latin America]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Vienna ]]></addr-line>
<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>488</fpage>
<lpage>496</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000600006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El material de la vasija de los reactores nucleares está sujeto a danos por irradiación, inducida por el bombardeo de neutrones provenientes desde el núcleo del reactor. Los neutrones se clasifican como rápidos y térmicos, los cuales producen efectos diferentes. Los neutrones rápidos causan daños al material por dislocación o desplazamiento de los ¿átomos de su estructura cristalina mientas que el efecto de los neutrones térmicos es una transmutación nuclear que puede cambiar significativamente las propiedades del material. El tipo e intensidad de daño está en función de las características del material, del flujo de neutrones y de los modos de interacción de los neutrones con las estructuras atómicas del material, entre otras. En este trabajo, alusivo a la transmutación nuclear, se hace un análisis de activación neutrónica de todos los isotopos existentes en el acero de la vasija de un reactor nuclear tipo BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) obteniéndose una expresión analítica para la actividad del acero en función del porcentaje en peso de sus componentes atómicos y se estima teóricamente la actividad en una muestra testigo (del mismo material de la vasija) colocada en el seno del reactor nuclear, desde el inicio de su operación comercial (abril 1995) hasta agosto del 2010. Teóricamente se determine) que una muestra testigo de masa 0.56g (dimensiones 1 × 1 × 0.07 cm³ o equivalente) no genera riesgos radiológicos durante la etapa de preparación, observación y análisis de la muestra en equipos de microscopía electrónica y de difracción de rayos X. Los resultados teóricos se comprobaron experimentalmente midiendo la actividad de la muestra de 0.56 g con espectrometría gamma, los niveles de exposición alrededor de la muestra y la dosis que induce a cuerpo entero y a extremidades mediante dosimetría termo-luminiscente (TLD). Derivado del análisis teórico, se exhiben nuevos elementos químicos en el acero de la vasija como resultado de los fenómenos de activación y de decaimiento radiactivo cuya presencia puede ser un factor fundamental de cambio de las propiedades de la vasija. Este trabajo es un preámbulo de la investigación de daños por irradiación neutrónica al acero de la vasija de reactores de agua en ebullición (BWR) usando técnicas de microscopía electrónica, de espectroscopia y de difracción de rayos X.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The vessel material of nuclear reactors is subject to irradiation damage induced by the bombardment of neutrons coming from the reactor core. Neutrons are classified as fast and thermal, which produce different effects. Fast neutrons cause damage to the material by dislocation or displacement of atoms in the crystal structure, while the effect of thermal neutrons is a nuclear transmutation that can significantly change the properties of the material. The type and intensity of damage is based on the characteristics of the material, the flow of neutrons and the modes of interaction of neutrons with the atomic structures of the material, among others. This work, alluding to nuclear transmutation, makes an analysis of neutron activation of all isotopes in a steel boiling water nuclear reactor (BWR) vessel. An analytical expression is obtained in order to model the activity of steel, on the basis of the weight percentage of its atomic components. Its activity is theoretically estimated in a witness sample of the same material as that of the vessel, placed within the nuclear reactor since the beginning of its commercial operation in April 1995, up to August 2010. It was theoretically determined that the witness sample, with a 0.56 g mass (1 × 1 × 0.07 cm³ dimensions or equivalent) does not present a radiological risks during the stage of preparation, observation and analysis of it in electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction equipments. The theoretical results were checked experimentally by measuring the activity of the sample by means of gamma spectrometry, measurement of the exposure levels around the sample, as well as the induced level to whole body and limbs, using thermo-luminescent dosimetry (TLD). As a result of the theoretical analysis, new chemical elements are predicted, as a result of the activation phenomena and radioactive decay, whose presence can be a fundamental factor of change in the properties of the vessel. This work is a preamble to the investigation of the damage of neutron irradiation on the steel of the vessel of boiling water reactors (BWR) using electron microscopy, spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Activación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neutrones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Activation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[steel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neutrons]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>An&aacute;lisis de activaci&oacute;n neutr&oacute;nica y actividad en el acero de la vasija de un reactor nuclear tipo BWR para su estudio sin riesgos radiol&oacute;gicos en microscop&iacute;a y espectrometr&iacute;a</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>M. Moranchel<sup>a</sup>, A. Garc&iacute;a B&oacute;rquez<sup>a</sup>, and L. C. Longoria<sup>b</sup></b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>a</sup> Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de F&iacute;sica y Matem&aacute;ticas, Departamento de F&iacute;sica, Unidad Profesional "Adolfo L&oacute;pez Mateos", M&eacute;xico, D.F., M&eacute;xico, e&#45;mail:</i> <a href="mailto:mmoranchel@ipn.mx">mmoranchel@ipn.mx</a>;<a href="mailto:borquez@esfm.ipn.mx">borquez@esfm.ipn.mx</a>.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><sup><i>b</i></sup> <i>Division for Latin America, Department of Technical Cooperation, International Atomic Energy Agency, Room B1109 Wagramerstrasse 5, PO Box 100, A&#45;1400, Vienna, Austria. e&#45;mail:</i> <a href="mailto:L.Longoria&#45;Gandara@.iaea.org">L.Longoria&#45;Gandara@.iaea.org</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 20 de marzo de 2012    <br> 	Aceptado el 28 de junio de 2012</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El material de la vasija de los reactores nucleares est&aacute; sujeto a danos por irradiaci&oacute;n, inducida por el bombardeo de neutrones provenientes desde el n&uacute;cleo del reactor. Los neutrones se clasifican como r&aacute;pidos y t&eacute;rmicos, los cuales producen efectos diferentes. Los neutrones r&aacute;pidos causan da&ntilde;os al material por dislocaci&oacute;n o desplazamiento de los &iquest;&aacute;tomos de su estructura cristalina mientas que el efecto de los neutrones t&eacute;rmicos es una transmutaci&oacute;n nuclear que puede cambiar significativamente las propiedades del material. El tipo e intensidad de da&ntilde;o est&aacute; en funci&oacute;n de las caracter&iacute;sticas del material, del flujo de neutrones y de los modos de interacci&oacute;n de los neutrones con las estructuras at&oacute;micas del material, entre otras. En este trabajo, alusivo a la transmutaci&oacute;n nuclear, se hace un an&aacute;lisis de activaci&oacute;n neutr&oacute;nica de todos los isotopos existentes en el acero de la vasija de un reactor nuclear tipo BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) obteni&eacute;ndose una expresi&oacute;n anal&iacute;tica para la actividad del acero en funci&oacute;n del porcentaje en peso de sus componentes at&oacute;micos y se estima te&oacute;ricamente la actividad en una muestra testigo (del mismo material de la vasija) colocada en el seno del reactor nuclear, desde el inicio de su operaci&oacute;n comercial (abril 1995) hasta agosto del 2010. Te&oacute;ricamente se determine) que una muestra testigo de masa 0.56g (dimensiones 1 &#215; 1 &#215; 0.07 cm<sup>3</sup> o equivalente) no genera riesgos radiol&oacute;gicos durante la etapa de preparaci&oacute;n, observaci&oacute;n y an&aacute;lisis de la muestra en equipos de microscop&iacute;a electr&oacute;nica y de difracci&oacute;n de rayos X. Los resultados te&oacute;ricos se comprobaron experimentalmente midiendo la actividad de la muestra de 0.56 g con espectrometr&iacute;a gamma, los niveles de exposici&oacute;n alrededor de la muestra y la dosis que induce a cuerpo entero y a extremidades mediante dosimetr&iacute;a termo&#45;luminiscente (TLD). Derivado del an&aacute;lisis te&oacute;rico, se exhiben nuevos elementos qu&iacute;micos en el acero de la vasija como resultado de los fen&oacute;menos de activaci&oacute;n y de decaimiento radiactivo cuya presencia puede ser un factor fundamental de cambio de las propiedades de la vasija. Este trabajo es un pre&aacute;mbulo de la investigaci&oacute;n de da&ntilde;os por irradiaci&oacute;n neutr&oacute;nica al acero de la vasija de reactores de agua en ebullici&oacute;n (BWR) usando t&eacute;cnicas de microscop&iacute;a electr&oacute;nica, de espectroscopia y de difracci&oacute;n de rayos X.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Activaci&oacute;n; actividad; acero; neutrones.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The vessel material of nuclear reactors is subject to irradiation damage induced by the bombardment of neutrons coming from the reactor core. Neutrons are classified as fast and thermal, which produce different effects. Fast neutrons cause damage to the material by dislocation or displacement of atoms in the crystal structure, while the effect of thermal neutrons is a nuclear transmutation that can significantly change the properties of the material. The type and intensity of damage is based on the characteristics of the material, the flow of neutrons and the modes of interaction of neutrons with the atomic structures of the material, among others. This work, alluding to nuclear transmutation, makes an analysis of neutron activation of all isotopes in a steel boiling water nuclear reactor (BWR) vessel. An analytical expression is obtained in order to model the activity of steel, on the basis of the weight percentage of its atomic components. Its activity is theoretically estimated in a witness sample of the same material as that of the vessel, placed within the nuclear reactor since the beginning of its commercial operation in April 1995, up to August 2010. It was theoretically determined that the witness sample, with a 0.56 g mass (1 &#215; 1 &#215; 0.07 cm<sup>3</sup> dimensions or equivalent) does not present a radiological risks during the stage of preparation, observation and analysis of it in electron microscopy and X&#45;ray diffraction equipments. The theoretical results were checked experimentally by measuring the activity of the sample by means of gamma spectrometry, measurement of the exposure levels around the sample, as well as the induced level to whole body and limbs, using thermo&#45;luminescent dosimetry (TLD). As a result of the theoretical analysis, new chemical elements are predicted, as a result of the activation phenomena and radioactive decay, whose presence can be a fundamental factor of change in the properties of the vessel. This work is a preamble to the investigation of the damage of neutron irradiation on the steel of the vessel of boiling water reactors (BWR) using electron microscopy, spectroscopy and X&#45;ray diffraction techniques.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Activation; activity; steel; neutrons.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 28.41.Qb; 28.20.Fc; 82.80.Jp</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v58n6/v58n6a6.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Agradecimientos</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se agradece al Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional y al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares en sus &aacute;reas de Metalograf&iacute;a, Microscop&iacute;a, Ciencias Nucleares, Metrolog&iacute;a y Protecci&oacute;n Radiol&oacute;gica por ofrecer todas las facilidades para la presente investigaci&oacute;n as&iacute; como a la empresa Calidad XXI por su apoyo en la realizaci&oacute;n de la dosimetr&iacute;a termoluminiscente.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>i</i>. Excepto en las reacciones nucleares (n,n) puesto que el nucle&iacute;do no cambia.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>ii</i>. Durante el periodo de activaci&oacute;n las nuevas especies nucleares son, a su vez, activadas y los radion&uacute;clidos se producen y mueren generando cadenas radiactivas.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>iii</i>. Tomada del lote de acero con el cual se dise&ntilde;o la vasija, es decir, se trata de una muestra del mismo material con el cual se construy&oacute; la vasija y que a la fecha nunca ha sido irradiada.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>iv.</i> Marca JEOL modelo A234 usando electrones de 200keV, propiedad del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, M&eacute;xico.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>v.</i> La capsula C3869&#45;1 permaneci&oacute; dentro del reactor en una posici&oacute;n que permite analizar y estimar el mayor da&ntilde;o neutr&oacute;nico en la vasija</font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>vi.</i> Los valores mostrados se calcularon empleando el Rad Pro Calculator mostrado en la p&aacute;gina de internet <a href="http://www.radprocalculator.com/Gamma.aspx" target="_blank">www.radprocalculator.com/Gamma.aspx</a></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382347&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. J. F. Harvey, <i>Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels,</i> second edition, (Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, London, 1974).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382348&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. H. Ullmaier, W. Schilling, <i>Radiation Damage in Metallic Reactor Materials,</i> IAEA&#45;SMR&#45;46/105, (1980).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382350&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. Norma Oficial Mexicana, <i>Especificaciones para la Exenci&oacute;n de Fuentes de Radiaci&oacute;n Ionizante y Practicas que las Utilicen,</i> N&Oacute;M&#45;039&#45;NUCL&#45;2011, M&eacute;xico.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382352&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. Golstein, <i>Scanning Electron Microscopy and X&#45;ray Microanalysis,</i> second edition, (Plenum Press&#45;New York and London, 1992).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382354&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. P. E. Champness, <i>Electron Diffraction in Transmission Electron Microscope,</i> (University of Manchester UK. BIOS Scientific Publisher, 2001).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382356&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. R. D. Cullity, <i>Elements of X&#45;ray diffraction,</i> (Addison Wesley, 1967).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382358&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. John L. Lamarsh, <i>Introduction to Nuclear Engineering,</i> (Addison Wesley, Second edition, 1977).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382360&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. 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JEF Report 14, NEA&#45;OECD, (1994)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382364&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">11. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/exfor/endf00.jsp" target="_blank">http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/exfor/endf00.jsp</a></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382365&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">12. <a href="http://www.radprocalculator.com/Gamma.aspx" target="_blank">www.radprocalculator.com/Gamma.aspx</a></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8382366&pid=S0035-001X201200060000600013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">13. 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