<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2012000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[On maximizing positive Lyapunov exponents in a chaotic oscillator with heuristics]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.G. de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tlelo-Cuautle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbajal-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Computer Science Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Electronics Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tonantzintla Puebla]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autonóma de Puebla Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Puebla]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>274</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2012000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A positive Lyapunov exponent indicates the presence of chaos in a dynamical system. In this manner, computing its maximum value guarantees the unpredictability grade of a chaotic system. In this investigation we present the application and comparison of two heuristics: Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent in a multi-scroll chaotic oscillator based on saturated nonlinear function series. The computed results show that DE and PSO algorithms are suitable to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent of truncated coefficients over the continuous spaces. In addition, the phase diagrams show that for a small positive Lyapunov exponent the attractors are well defined, while for its maximum value, the attractors are not well appreciated because the unpredictability grade of the chaotic oscillator is increased.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Un exponente positivo de Lyapunov indica la presencia de caos en un sistema dinámico. De esta manera, el cálculo de un valor máximo garantiza el grado de impredicibilidad de un sistema caótico. En esta investigación presentamos la aplicación y comparación de dos heurísticas: evolución diferencial (DE) y optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO), para maximizar el exponente positivo de Lyapunov en un oscilador caótico de múltiples enrollamientos basado en series de funciones saturadas. Los resultados calculados muestran que DE y PSO son adecuados para maximizar el exponente positivo de coeficientes truncados sobre espacios continuos. Adicionalmente, los diagramas de fase muestran que para un exponente positivo de Lyapunov pequeño los atractores están bien definidos, mientras que para su valor máximo, los atractores no se aprecian bien porque el grado de impredicibilidad del oscilador caótico está aumentado.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chaotic oscillator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Multi-scroll attractor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lyapunov exponent]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Saturated function series]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PWL function]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Evolutionary algorithms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Oscilador caótico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[atractor de múltiples enrollamientos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exponente de Lyapunov]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[serie de funciones saturadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[función PWL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[algoritmos evolutivos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Carta</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>On maximizing positive Lyapunov exponents in a chaotic oscillator with heuristics</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>L.G. de la Fraga<sup>1</sup>, E. Tlelo&#45;Cuautle<sup>2</sup>, V.H. Carbajal&#45;G&oacute;mez<sup>2</sup>, J.M. Mu&ntilde;oz&#45;Pacheco<sup>3</sup> </b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>1</sup> Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional,   Computer Science Department,   Av. IPN 2508, 07360 M&eacute;xico City, M&eacute;xico,</i> e&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:fraga@cs.cinvestav.mx">fraga@cs.cinvestav.mx</a>. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <i><sup>2</sup> Instituto Nacional de Astrof&iacute;sica, &Oacute;ptica y Electr&oacute;nica, Electronics Department, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, 72840, M&eacute;xico.</i> </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"> <i><sup>3</sup> Benem&eacute;rita Universidad Auton&oacute;ma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electr&oacute;nica, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur, 72570 Puebla, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 1 de febrero de 2012;    <br> aceptado el 9 de abril de 2012</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A positive Lyapunov exponent indicates the presence of chaos in a dynamical system. In this manner, computing its maximum value guarantees the unpredictability grade of a chaotic system. In this investigation we present the application and comparison of two heuristics: Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent in a multi&#45;scroll chaotic oscillator based on saturated nonlinear function series. The computed results show that DE and PSO algorithms are suitable to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent of truncated coefficients over the continuous spaces. In addition, the phase diagrams show that for a small positive Lyapunov exponent the attractors are well defined, while for its maximum value, the attractors are not well appreciated because the unpredictability grade of the chaotic oscillator is increased.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Chaotic oscillator; Multi&#45;scroll attractor; Lyapunov exponent; Saturated function series; PWL function; Evolutionary algorithms.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Un exponente positivo de Lyapunov indica la presencia de caos en un sistema din&aacute;mico. De esta manera, el c&aacute;lculo de un valor m&aacute;ximo garantiza el grado de impredicibilidad de un sistema ca&oacute;tico. En esta investigaci&oacute;n presentamos la aplicaci&oacute;n y comparaci&oacute;n de dos heur&iacute;sticas: evoluci&oacute;n diferencial (DE) y optimizaci&oacute;n por enjambre de part&iacute;culas (PSO), para maximizar el exponente positivo de Lyapunov en un oscilador ca&oacute;tico de m&uacute;ltiples enrollamientos basado en series de funciones saturadas. Los resultados calculados muestran que DE y PSO son adecuados para maximizar el exponente positivo de coeficientes truncados sobre espacios continuos. Adicionalmente, los diagramas de fase muestran que para un exponente positivo de Lyapunov peque&ntilde;o los atractores est&aacute;n bien definidos, mientras que para su valor m&aacute;ximo, los atractores no se aprecian bien porque el grado de impredicibilidad del oscilador ca&oacute;tico est&aacute; aumentado.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Oscilador ca&oacute;tico; atractor de m&uacute;ltiples enrollamientos; exponente de Lyapunov; serie de funciones saturadas; funci&oacute;n PWL; algoritmos evolutivos.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 05.45.Pq; 05.45.Pq; 84.30.Ng; 07.50.Ek; 84.30.&#45;r; 01.50.Pa</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v58n3/v58n3a2.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This work is partially supported by CONACyT&#45;M&eacute;xico under grant 131839&#45;Y.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. J. Lu and G. 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Available at <a href="clerc.maurice.free.fr/pso/SPSOdescriptions.pdf" target="_blank">clerc.maurice.free.fr/pso/SPSOdescriptions.pdf</a>.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8378521&pid=S0035-001X201200030000200014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">15. D. Bratton and J. Kennedy. Defining a standard for particle   swarm optimization (In Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 2007.   SIS 2007. 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Fis. 54 (2008) 299&#45;   305.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8378525&pid=S0035-001X201200030000200016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Nota</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">i. The program was compiled with gcc and &#45;O2 flags, over a SUNz20v machine with two AMD Opteron 248 microprocessors.</font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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