<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2011000300012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Applications and extensions of the Liouville theorem on constants of motion]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres del Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Instituto de Ciencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla Pue]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>245</fpage>
<lpage>249</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2011000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2011000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2011000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We give an elementary proof of the Liouville theorem, which allows us to obtain n constants of motion in addition to n given constants of motion in involution, for a mechanical system with n degrees of freedom, and we give some examples of its application. For a given set of n constants of motion that are not in involution with respect to the standard symplectic structure, there exist symplectic structures with respect to which these constants will be in involution and the Liouville theorem can then be applied. Using the fact that any second-order ordinary differential equation (not necessarily related to a mechanical problem) can be expressed in the form of the Hamilton equations, the knowledge of a first integral of the equation allows us to find its general solution.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se da una prueba elemental del teorema de Liouville, el cual permite obtener n constantes de movimiento adicionales a n constantes de movimiento en involución dadas, para un sistema mecánico con n grados de libertad, y se dan algunos ejemplos de su aplicación. Para un conjunto dado de n constantes de movimiento que no están en involución con respecto a la estructura simpléctica estándar, existen estructuras simplécticas con respecto a las cuales estas constantes estarán en involución y puede aplicarse entonces el teorema de Liouville. Usando el hecho de que cualquier ecuación diferencial ordinaria de segundo orden (no necesariamente relacionada con un problema mecánico) puede expresarse en la forma de las ecuaciones de Hamilton, el conocer una primera integral de la ecuación permite hallar su solución general.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hamilton-Jacobi equation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[constants of motion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[symplectic structures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuación de Hamilton-Jacobi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[constantes de movimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estructuras simplécticas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Applications and extensions of the Liouville theorem on constants of motion</b></font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>G.F. Torres del Castillo</b></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Ciencias de la Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., 72570 M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 22 de febrero de 2011    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     Aceptado el 8 de abril de 2011</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We give an elementary proof of the Liouville theorem, which allows us to obtain <i>n</i> constants of motion in addition to <i>n</i> given constants of motion in involution, for a mechanical system with <i>n</i> degrees of freedom, and we give some examples of its application. For a given set of <i>n</i> constants of motion that are not in involution with respect to the standard symplectic structure, there exist symplectic structures with respect to which these constants will be in involution and the Liouville theorem can then be applied. Using the fact that any second&#150;order ordinary differential equation (not necessarily related to a mechanical problem) can be expressed in the form of the Hamilton equations, the knowledge of a first integral of the equation allows us to find its general solution.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Hamilton&#150;Jacobi equation; constants of motion; symplectic structures.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se da una prueba elemental del teorema de Liouville, el cual permite obtener <i>n</i> constantes de movimiento adicionales a <i>n</i> constantes de movimiento en involuci&oacute;n dadas, para un sistema mec&aacute;nico con <i>n</i> grados de libertad, y se dan algunos ejemplos de su aplicaci&oacute;n. Para un conjunto dado de <i>n</i> constantes de movimiento que no est&aacute;n en involuci&oacute;n con respecto a la estructura simpl&eacute;ctica est&aacute;ndar, existen estructuras simpl&eacute;cticas con respecto a las cuales estas constantes estar&aacute;n en involuci&oacute;n y puede aplicarse entonces el teorema de Liouville. Usando el hecho de que cualquier ecuaci&oacute;n diferencial ordinaria de segundo orden (no necesariamente relacionada con un problema mec&aacute;nico) puede expresarse en la forma de las ecuaciones de Hamilton, el conocer una primera integral de la ecuaci&oacute;n permite hallar su soluci&oacute;n general.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Ecuaci&oacute;n de Hamilton&#150;Jacobi; constantes de movimiento; estructuras simpl&eacute;cticas.</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 45.20.Jj; 02.30.Jr; 02.30.Hq</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v57n3/v57n3a12.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. M.G. Calkin, <i>Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics</i> (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421454&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. E.T. Whittaker, <i>A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies,</i> 4th ed. (Cambrige University Press, Cambridge, 1993). Chap. XII.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421456&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. G.F. Torres del Castillo, <i>Rev. Mex. Fis.</i> <b>44</b> (1998) 540.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421458&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. I.N. Sneddon, <i>Elements of Partial Differential Equations</i> (Dover, New York, 2006). Chap. 2.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421460&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. G.F. Torres del Castillo, <i>J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.</i> <b>42</b> (2009) 265202.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421462&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. G.F. Torres del Castillo and J.L. Calvario Acocal,<i>Rev. Mex. Fis.</i> <b>44</b> (1998) 344.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421464&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p> 	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. G.F. Torres del Castillo and G. Mendoza Torres, <i>Rev. Mex. Fis.</i> <b>49</b> (2003)445.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8421466&pid=S0035-001X201100030001200007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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