<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2010000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Maximum efficiency of an irreversible heat engine with a distributed working fluid and linear phenomenological heat transfer law]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lingen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shaojun]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fengrui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Naval University of Engineering Postgraduate School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>231</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2010000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2010000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2010000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Maximum efficiency of an irreversible heat engine with a distributed working fluid, in which the heat transfers between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs obey the linear phenomenological heat transfer law <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s1.jpg">, is studied in this paper by using finite-time thermodynamics based on Orlov and Berry's work i. Two kinds of efficiencies are defined, and the problems are divided into three cases. Optimal control theory is used to determine the upper bounds of efficiencies of the heat engines for various cases. Numerical examples of the two efficiencies for the irreversible heat engine with lumped-parameter model working between variable temperature reservoirs are provided, and the effects of changes of the reservoir's temperature on the maximum efficiency of the heat engine are analyzed. The obtained results are also compared with those obtained by Orlov and Berry ii with Newtonian heat transfer law <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s2.jpg">.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este artículo se estudia la eficiencia máxima de un motor térmico irreversible con un fluido de trabajo distribuido, en el cual las transferencias térmicas entre el fluido de trabajo y los depósitos térmicos obedecen la ley fenomenológica linear de transferencia térmica<img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s1.jpg">, usando la termodinámica del finito-tiempo basada en el trabajo de Orlov y Berry i. Se definen dos clases de eficiencias, y los problemas se dividen en tres casos. La teoría de control óptima se utiliza para determinar los límites superiores de las eficiencias de los motores térmicos para varios casos. Se proporcionan ejemplos numéricos de las dos eficiencias de motor térmico irreversible con el modelo del amontonar-parámetro trabajando entre los depósitos de temperatura variable, y se analizan los efectos de los cambios de temperatura del recipiente en la eficacia máxima del motor térmico. Los resultados obtenidos también se comparan con los obtenidos por Orlov y Barry ii con la ley neutoniana del transferencia térmica <img border=0 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s2.jpg">.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Finite-time thermodynamics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[linear phenomenological heat transfer law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heat engine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[distributed working fluid]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[maximum efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[optimal control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Termodinámica de tiempos finitos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ley lineal fenomenológica de transferencia de calor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[motor térmico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fluido de trabajo distribuido]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[eficiencia máxima]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control óptimo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Maximum efficiency of an irreversible heat engine with a distributed working fluid and linear phenomenological heat transfer law</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Lingen Chen<sup>*</sup>, Shaojun Xia, and Fengrui Sun</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Postgraduate School, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, P.R. China, Fax: 0086&#150;27&#150;83638709. Tel: 0086&#150;27&#150;83615046 *e&#150;mail address: </i>, <a href="mailto:lingenchen@hotmail.com">lingenchen@hotmail.com</a> , <a href="mailto:lgchenna@yahoo.com">lgchenna@yahoo.com</a>.   </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 4 de enero de 2010    <br>   Aceptado el 9 de marzo de 2010</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Maximum efficiency of an irreversible heat engine with a distributed working fluid, in which the heat transfers between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs obey the linear phenomenological heat transfer law <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s1.jpg">, is studied in this paper by using finite&#150;time thermodynamics based on Orlov and Berry's work<i><sup>i</sup></i>. Two kinds of efficiencies are defined, and the problems are divided into three cases. Optimal control theory is used to determine the upper bounds of efficiencies of the heat engines for various cases. Numerical examples of the two efficiencies for the irreversible heat engine with lumped&#150;parameter model working between variable temperature reservoirs are provided, and the effects of changes of the reservoir's temperature on the maximum efficiency of the heat engine are analyzed. The obtained results are also compared with those obtained by Orlov and Berry<sup><i>ii</i></sup> with Newtonian heat transfer law <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s2.jpg">.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Finite&#150;time thermodynamics; linear phenomenological heat transfer law; heat engine; distributed working fluid; maximum efficiency; optimal control.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este art&iacute;culo se estudia la eficiencia m&aacute;xima de un motor t&eacute;rmico irreversible con un fluido de trabajo distribuido, en el cual las transferencias t&eacute;rmicas entre el fluido de trabajo y los dep&oacute;sitos t&eacute;rmicos obedecen la ley fenomenol&oacute;gica linear de transferencia t&eacute;rmica<img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s1.jpg">, usando la termodin&aacute;mica del finito&#150;tiempo basada en el trabajo de Orlov y Berry<i><sup>i</sup></i>. Se definen dos clases de eficiencias, y los problemas se dividen en tres casos. La teor&iacute;a de control &oacute;ptima se utiliza para determinar los l&iacute;mites superiores de las eficiencias de los motores t&eacute;rmicos para varios casos. Se proporcionan ejemplos num&eacute;ricos de las dos eficiencias de motor t&eacute;rmico irreversible con el modelo del amontonar&#150;par&aacute;metro trabajando entre los dep&oacute;sitos de temperatura variable, y se analizan los efectos de los cambios de temperatura del recipiente en la eficacia m&aacute;xima del motor t&eacute;rmico. Los resultados obtenidos tambi&eacute;n se comparan con los obtenidos por Orlov y Barry<sup><i>ii</i></sup> con la ley neutoniana del transferencia t&eacute;rmica <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v56n3/a8s2.jpg">.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Termodin&aacute;mica de tiempos finitos; ley lineal fenomenol&oacute;gica de transferencia de calor; motor t&eacute;rmico; fluido de trabajo distribuido; eficiencia m&aacute;xima; control &oacute;ptimo.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 05.70.Ln; 05.60.Cd; 05.70.&#150;a</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v56n3/v56n3a8.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This paper is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China (Project No. 10905093), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of P. R. China (Project No. NCET&#150;04&#150;1006) and The Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of P.R. China (Project No. 200136). The authors wish to thank the reviewer for his careful, unbiased and constructive suggestions, which led to this revised manuscript.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>i</i>. V.N. Orlov and R.S. Berry, <i>Phys. Rev. A </i><b>45 </b>(1992) 7202.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8361097&pid=S0035-001X201000030000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>ii</i>. V.N. Orlov and R.S. Berry, <i>Phys. Rev. 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