<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2008000100005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of CaO on the microstructure and non-ohmic properties of (Co,Sb)-doped SnO2 varistors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán-Régules]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.B]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.B]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pech-Canul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chihuahua Chihuahua]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dept. de Ingeniería Industrial  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Div. de Estudios de Postgrado  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Diseño  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca Instituto de Física y Matemáticas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huajuapan de León Oaxaca]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,Cinvestav  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Saltillo Coah]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>20</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2008000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The effect of CaO through additions of CaCO3 on the physical characteristics, microstructure, and current-voltage properties of (Co-Sb)-doped SnO2 varistors was investigated. SnO2-Co3O4-Sb2O5 ceramics with additions of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mol % CaO were sintered at 1450°C under oxidizing atmosphere and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that, at low and intermediate CaO levels, density is not significantly influenced, whilst at the highest level, density decreases substantially. The nonlinear coefficient and the breakdown voltage behave similarly in one sense because both present a maximum, and because at the highest CaO level, both response variables show the lowest values. The nonlinear coefficient presents a maximum of 12.9 at 0.1 mol % CaO, while the same maximum for the breakdown voltage occurs at 0.5 mol % CaO. At 1 mol % CaO, the breakdown voltage is 288 Vcm-1.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se investigó el efecto del CaO a través de adiciones de CaCO3 sobre las características físicas, la microestructura y las propiedades corriente-voltaje de varistores de SnO2 dopados con Co y Sb. Los cerámicos SnO2-Co3O4-Sb2O5 dopados con 0.1, 0.5 y 1% molar de CaO fueron sinterizados a 1450 °C bajo condiciones oxidantes y caracterizados por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), espectroscopía por energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX) y por difracción de rayos X (DRX). Los resultados muestran que, a niveles bajo e intermedio de CaO, la densidad no se ve afectada significativamente mientras que al nivel más alto, la densidad disminuye sustancialmente. El coeficiente de no linealidad y el voltaje de ruptura se comportan en un sentido de manera similar, porque ambos presentan un máximo y porque al nivel más alto de CaO ambos presentan los valores más bajos. El coeficiente de no linealidad presenta un máximo de 12.9 a 0.1% molar de CaO, mientras que el máximo correspondiente para el voltaje de ruptura ocurre a 0.5% molar de CaO. A 1% molar de CaO, el voltaje de ruptura es de 288 V cm-1.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Varistors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[breakdown voltage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nonlinearity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Varistores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[voltaje de ruptura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[no linealidad]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Effect of CaO on the microstructure and non&#150;ohmic properties of (Co,Sb)&#150;doped SnO<sub>2</sub> varistors</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J.A. Aguilar&#150;Mart&iacute;nez<sup>a,b,</sup>*, A. Dur&aacute;n&#150;R&eacute;gules<sup>c</sup>, A.B. Glot<sup>d</sup>, M.B. Hern&aacute;ndez<sup>e</sup>, M.I. Pech&#150;Canulf<sup>f</sup>, and J. Castillo&#150;Torres<sup>g</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>a</sup>Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31109 Chihuahua, Chihuahua, M&eacute;xico.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>b</sup>Instituto de Miner&iacute;a, </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>c </sup>Dept. de Ingenier&iacute;a Industrial, </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>d </sup>Div. de Estudios de Postgrado,</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>e</sup>Instituto de Dise&ntilde;o, </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>g</sup>Instituto de F&iacute;sica y Matem&aacute;ticas, </i><i> Universidad Tecnol&oacute;gica de la Mixteca, Carr. Acatlima Km. 2.5, Huajuapan de Le&oacute;n, Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico 69000. </i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><i><sup>f</sup></i>Cinvestav Saltillo, Carr. Saltillo&#150;Monterrey Km. 13, Saltillo, Coah., M&eacute;xico, 25900.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>* Corresponding author</b>:     <br>     <i>Formerly at Instituto de Miner&iacute;a,     <br> from November 2007,     <br> with Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Materiales Avanzados,     <br> Tel: + 52 (614) 4&#150;39&#150;11&#150;88, </i>    <br> e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:josue.aguilar@cimav.edu.mx" target="_blank">josue.aguilar@cimav.edu.mx</a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 29 de junio de 2007    <br>   Aceptado el 23 de octubre de 2007</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The effect of CaO through additions of CaCO<sub>3</sub> on the physical characteristics, microstructure, and current&#150;voltage properties of (Co&#150;Sb)&#150;doped SnO2 varistors was investigated. SnO<sub>2</sub>&#150;Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>&#150;Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ceramics with additions of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mol % CaO were sintered at 1450&deg;C under oxidizing atmosphere and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X&#150;ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X&#150;ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that, at low and intermediate CaO levels, density is not significantly influenced, whilst at the highest level, density decreases substantially. The nonlinear coefficient and the breakdown voltage behave similarly in one sense because both present a maximum, and because at the highest CaO level, both response variables show the lowest values. The nonlinear coefficient presents a maximum of 12.9 at 0.1 mol % CaO, while the same maximum for the breakdown voltage occurs at 0.5 mol % CaO. At 1 mol % CaO, the breakdown voltage is 288 Vcm<sup>&#150;1</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Varistors; breakdown voltage; nonlinearity.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se investig&oacute; el efecto del CaO a trav&eacute;s de adiciones de CaCO<sub>3</sub> sobre las caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sicas, la microestructura y las propiedades corriente&#150;voltaje de varistores de SnO2 dopados con Co y Sb. Los cer&aacute;micos SnO<sub>2</sub>&#150;Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>&#150;Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> dopados con 0.1, 0.5 y 1% molar de CaO fueron sinterizados a 1450 &deg;C bajo condiciones oxidantes y caracterizados por microscop&iacute;a electr&oacute;nica de barrido (MEB), espectroscop&iacute;a por energ&iacute;a dispersiva de rayos X (EDX) y por difracci&oacute;n de rayos X (DRX). Los resultados muestran que, a niveles bajo e intermedio de CaO, la densidad no se ve afectada significativamente mientras que al nivel m&aacute;s alto, la densidad disminuye sustancialmente. El coeficiente de no linealidad y el voltaje de ruptura se comportan en un sentido de manera similar, porque ambos presentan un m&aacute;ximo y porque al nivel m&aacute;s alto de CaO ambos presentan los valores m&aacute;s bajos. El coeficiente de no linealidad presenta un m&aacute;ximo de 12.9 a 0.1% molar de CaO, mientras que el m&aacute;ximo correspondiente para el voltaje de ruptura ocurre a 0.5% molar de CaO. A 1% molar de CaO, el voltaje de ruptura es de 288 V cm<sup>&#150;1</sup>.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Varistores; voltaje de ruptura; no linealidad. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 61.72.Ji; 61.72Mm; 84.32.Ff; 84.37.+q</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v54n1/v54n1a5.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This study was conducted within the framework of project SEP&#150;2003&#150;C02&#150;42821, CONACYT, Mexico. Authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Miguel A. Aguilar Gonz&aacute;lez' assistance in the microstructure characterization by SEM.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
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<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[R. Bueno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cerámica]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>46</numero>
<issue>46</issue>
<page-range>124</page-range></nlm-citation>
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