<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2007000400014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Thermal simulation of breast tumors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Instituto de Investigación en Comunicación Óptica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Luis Potosí SLP]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>323</fpage>
<lpage>326</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2007000400014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[It is well known that differences in energy consumption exist for normal and cancerous tissue. These differences lead to small but detectable local temperature changes, which is why infrared imaging has been used in the detection of different types of cancer; however, the early instrumentation was not sensitive enough to detect the subtle changes in temperature needed to accurately diagnose and monitor the disease. In recent years the sensitivity of infrared instruments has greatly improved. In this paper the bioheat transfer equation is solved for a simplified model of a female breast and a cancerous tumor in order to quantify the minimum size of a tumor or the maximum depth of a certain sized tumor that a modern state-of-the-art infrared imaging system can detect. Finite Element simulations showed that current state-of-the-art imagers are capable of detecting 3 cm tumors located deeper than 7 cm from the skin surface, and tumors smaller than 0.5 cm can be detected if they are located close to the surface of the skin.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Es bien conocido que existen diferencias en consumo de energía entre tejido normal y tejido canceroso. Estas diferencias generan pequenos cambios en la temperatura que pueden ser detectables; es por eso que se ha tratado de utilizar la termografía infrarroja para detectar diferentes tipos de cáncer. Los primeros trabajos al respecto utilizaban cámaras termográficas que no eran lo suficientemente sensitivas para detectar los pequeños cambios en la temperatura necesarios para monitorear y diagnosticar efectivamente esta enfermedad. En años recientes la sensitividad de las cámaras termográficas ha aumentado notablemente; en este trabajo se resolvió la ecuación de transferencia de calor en tejidos biológicos para un modelo simplificado de un seno femenino y un tumor canceroso con el objetivo de cuantificar el tamaño mínimo y la profundidad máxima de un tumor que puede ser detectado con un sistema moderno de termografía infrarroja. Las simulaciones de elemento finito demostraron que los sistemas termográficos modernos pueden detectar tumores de 3 cm de diámetro localizados a una profundidad mayor a 7 cm y tumores menores a 0.5 cm si se encuentran cerca de la superficie de la piel.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cancer simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermopathology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioheat equation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermal simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cáncer de seno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simulación térmica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método del elemento finito]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Instrumentaci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Thermal simulation of breast tumors</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>         <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F. J. Gonz&aacute;lez</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Investigaci&oacute;n    en Comunicaci&oacute;n &Oacute;ptica, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de San Luis    Potos&iacute;, &Aacute;lvaro Obreg&oacute;n 64, San Luis Potos&iacute;, SLP,    M&eacute;xico, Tel.: +52 (444) 825&#150;0183 ext 232; fax: +52 (444) 825&#150;0198, e&#150;mail: <a href="mailto:javier@cactus.iico.uaslp.mx" target="_blank">javier@cactus.iico.uaslp.mx</a></i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 28 de mayo de 2007    <br>   Aceptado el 30 de julio de 2007</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">It is well known that differences in energy consumption exist for normal and cancerous tissue. These differences lead to small but detectable local temperature changes, which is why infrared imaging has been used in the detection of different types of cancer; however, the early instrumentation was not sensitive enough to detect the subtle changes in temperature needed to accurately diagnose and monitor the disease. In recent years the sensitivity of infrared instruments has greatly improved. In this paper the bioheat transfer equation is solved for a simplified model of a female breast and a cancerous tumor in order to quantify the minimum size of a tumor or the maximum depth of a certain sized tumor that a modern state&#150;of&#150;the&#150;art infrared imaging system can detect. Finite Element simulations showed that current state&#150;of&#150;the&#150;art imagers are capable of detecting 3 cm tumors located deeper than 7 cm from the skin surface, and tumors smaller than 0.5 cm can be detected if they are located close to the surface of the skin.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Cancer simulation; thermopathology; bioheat equation; thermal simulation.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Es bien conocido que existen diferencias en consumo de energ&iacute;a entre tejido normal y tejido canceroso. Estas diferencias generan pequenos cambios en la temperatura que pueden ser detectables; es por eso que se ha tratado de utilizar la termograf&iacute;a infrarroja para detectar diferentes tipos de c&aacute;ncer. Los primeros trabajos al respecto utilizaban c&aacute;maras termogr&aacute;ficas que no eran lo suficientemente sensitivas para detectar los peque&ntilde;os cambios en la temperatura necesarios para monitorear y diagnosticar efectivamente esta enfermedad. En a&ntilde;os recientes la sensitividad de las c&aacute;maras termogr&aacute;ficas ha aumentado notablemente; en este trabajo se resolvi&oacute; la ecuaci&oacute;n de transferencia de calor en tejidos biol&oacute;gicos para un modelo simplificado de un seno femenino y un tumor canceroso con el objetivo de cuantificar el tama&ntilde;o m&iacute;nimo y la profundidad m&aacute;xima de un tumor que puede ser detectado con un sistema moderno de termograf&iacute;a infrarroja. Las simulaciones de elemento finito demostraron que los sistemas termogr&aacute;ficos modernos pueden detectar tumores de 3 cm de di&aacute;metro localizados a una profundidad mayor a 7 cm y tumores menores a 0.5 cm si se encuentran cerca de la superficie de la piel.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>C&aacute;ncer de seno; simulaci&oacute;n t&eacute;rmica; m&eacute;todo del elemento finito.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 87.63.Hg; 87.19.Pp; 87.64.Aa</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v53n4/v53n4a14.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;  </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">This work was supported in part by SEP, UASLP&#150;FAI and CONACyT through grants PROMEP /103.5/04/1386, C06&#150;FAI&#150;11&#150;35.72 and FMSLP&#150;2005&#150;C01&#150;28, respectively.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. J.P. Gore and L.X. Xu, Thermal Imaging for Biological and Medical  Diagnostics,   in Biomedical  Photonics Handbook, CRC Press 2003) Ch 17 pp  17.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376501&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. R.P Clark and M.R. Goff, <i>SPIE    Infrared Technology and Applications </i><b>1320 </b>(1990) 242. </font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376502&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. J.F. Head and R.L. Elliott, <i>IEEE Eng in Medicine and Biol.</i><i> </i><i>Magazine </i><b>21 </b>(2002) 80.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376503&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. W. Xie, P. Mccahon, K. Jakobsen, and C. Parish, <i>Int. J. Cancer </i><b>108 </b>(2004) 790.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376504&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. A. Jemal <i>et al., CA Cancer J Clin </i><b>57</b> (2007) 43.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376505&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. P. Gamigami. <i>Atlas of</i><i> Mammography: New Early Signs in </i> <i>Breast Cancer </i>(Blackwell Science, 1996).</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376506&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. L.J. Jiang et al., <i>Journal of Medical and Eng Tech </i><b>29</b> (2005)</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376507&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. M. Gautherie, <i>Ann. N.Y. </i><i>Acad. Sci. </i><b>335</b> (1980) 383.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376508&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. H.H. Pennes, <i>J. Appl. Physiol. </i><b>1</b> (1948) 93.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8376509&pid=S0035-001X200700040001400009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
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