<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2006000900019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Numerical simulations of liquid flow through restrictors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klapp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigalotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. Di G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas Centro de Física ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares Departamento de Física ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<fpage>66</fpage>
<lpage>68</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000900019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000900019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2006000900019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In this paper we describe the results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of a viscous liquid flow through a wellhead choke of real dimensions using the of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The study of such flows has a direct application to the oil industry because in oil fields, it is common practice to pass liquid and gas mixtures through chokes to control the flow rates and protect the surface equipment from unusual pressure fluctuations. For the present model calculation, we assume an isothermal flow with a sound speed c of 2.0 x 10(4) cm s-1 and a constant kinematic viscosity coefficient (v = 0.01 cm² s-1). The results predict a pressure drop of about 13% through the choke throat when the flow approaches an approximately stationary pattern. The flow across the choke remains subcritical with velocities of <img width=32 height=32 src="../../../../../img/revistas/rmf/v52s3/a19s1.jpg">0.1c. These velocities are about 6 and 3.5 times higher than those at the outlet and inlet sections of the choke throat, respectively. Due to the simplifications employed in the present model, the predicted pressure drop is much lower than that obtained experimentally for pure liquid with a velocity of 0.1c through the choke.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este trabajo se describen los resultados de la simulación numérica del flujo de un líquido viscoso a través de un estrangulador de dimensiones reales usando el método de Hidrodinámica de Partículas Suavizadas (SPH). El estudio de dichos flujos tiene aplicación directa en la industria del petróleo dado que es de uso común en los campos petroleros hacer fluir mezclas de gas y líquido a través de estranguladores con el objeto de controlar las tasas de flujo y protejer los equipos de superficie de eventuales fluctuaciones de presión. Se supone para este cálculo que el flujo es isotérmico con una velocidad del sonido c de 2.0 x 10(4) cm s-1 y un coeficiente de viscosidad cinemática constante (v= 0.01 cm² s-1). Los resultados predicen una caída de presión del 13% a través del estrangulador cuando el flujo alcanza un estado estacionario. El flujo a lo largo del estrangulador permanece subsónico con velocidades del orden de 0.1c. Estas velocidades son aproximadamente 6 y 3.5 veces mayores que los valores correspondientes en la entrada y salida del estrangulador, respectivamente. Debido a las simplificaciones usadas en este modelo, la caída de presión que se obtiene es mucho menor que el valor medido experimentalmente para un líquido con velocidad de 0.1c a través del estrangulador.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flows in ducts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[channels]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nozzles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conduits]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flow control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[computational methods in influid dynamics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[applied fluid mechanics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Flujo en ductos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[canales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inyectores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tubos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control de flujo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[métodos computacionales en dinámica de fluidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mecánica de fluidos aplicada]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">F&iacute;sica del Petr&oacute;lero</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Numerical simulations of liquid flow through restrictors</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>E. Sira&ordf;, J. Klapp<sup>b</sup>, L. Di G. Sigalotti &ordf;, and G. Mendoza<sup>b</sup></b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>&ordf; Centro de F&iacute;sica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient&iacute;ficas, IVIC, </i><i>Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><sup>b </sup>Departamento de F&iacute;sica, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, ININ, Km. 36.5 Carretera M&eacute;xico&#150;Toluca, 52045 Estado de M&eacute;xico, M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 25 de noviembre de 2003    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> Aceptado el 15 de marzo de 2004</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">In this paper we describe the results of a two&#150;dimensional numerical simulation of a viscous liquid flow through a wellhead choke of real dimensions using the of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The study of such flows has a direct application to the oil industry because in oil fields, it is common practice to pass liquid and gas mixtures through chokes to control the flow rates and protect the surface equipment from unusual pressure fluctuations. For the present model calculation, we assume an isothermal flow with a sound speed c of 2.0 x 10<sup>4</sup> cm s<sup>&#150;1</sup> and a constant kinematic viscosity coefficient (<i>v </i>= 0.01 cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>&#150;1</sup>). The results predict a pressure drop of about 13% through the choke throat when the flow approaches an approximately stationary pattern. The flow across the choke remains subcritical with velocities of <img src="/img/revistas/rmf/v52s3/a19s1.jpg"> 0.1c. These velocities are about 6 and 3.5 times higher than those at the outlet and inlet sections of the choke throat, respectively. Due to the simplifications employed in the present model, the predicted pressure drop is much lower than that obtained experimentally for pure liquid with a velocity of 0.1c through the choke.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords: </b>Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits; Flow control; computational methods in influid dynamics; applied fluid mechanics.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En este trabajo se describen los resultados de la simulaci&oacute;n num&eacute;rica del flujo de un l&iacute;quido viscoso a trav&eacute;s de un estrangulador de dimensiones reales usando el m&eacute;todo de Hidrodin&aacute;mica de Part&iacute;culas Suavizadas (SPH). El estudio de dichos flujos tiene aplicaci&oacute;n directa en la industria del petr&oacute;leo dado que es de uso com&uacute;n en los campos petroleros hacer fluir mezclas de gas y l&iacute;quido a trav&eacute;s de estranguladores con el objeto de controlar las tasas de flujo y protejer los equipos de superficie de eventuales fluctuaciones de presi&oacute;n. Se supone para este c&aacute;lculo que el flujo es isot&eacute;rmico con una velocidad del sonido c de 2.0 x 10<sup>4</sup> cm s<sup>&#150;1</sup> y un coeficiente de viscosidad cinem&aacute;tica constante (<i>v</i>= 0.01 cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>&#150;1</sup>). Los resultados predicen una ca&iacute;da de presi&oacute;n del 13% a trav&eacute;s del estrangulador cuando el flujo alcanza un estado estacionario. El flujo a lo largo del estrangulador permanece subs&oacute;nico con velocidades del orden de 0.1c. Estas velocidades son aproximadamente 6 y 3.5 veces mayores que los valores correspondientes en la entrada y salida del estrangulador, respectivamente. Debido a las simplificaciones usadas en este modelo, la ca&iacute;da de presi&oacute;n que se obtiene es mucho menor que el valor medido experimentalmente para un l&iacute;quido con velocidad de 0.1c a trav&eacute;s del estrangulador.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores: </b>Flujo en ductos, canales, inyectores, y tubos; control de flujo; m&eacute;todos computacionales en din&aacute;mica de fluidos; mec&aacute;nica de fluidos aplicada.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS:47.60.+i;47.62.+q;47.11.+j;47.85.&#150;g</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v52s3/v52s3a19.pdf">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. F. Fortunati, in The SPE&#150;European Spring Meeting 1972 of the Society of Petroleum Engineering of AIME, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1972) 1.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325886&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. F.E. Ashford and P.E. Pierce, <i>J. Petrol. Tech. </i>(1975) 1145.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325887&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. T.K. Perkins, <i>SPE Drilling &amp; Completion </i>(1993) 271.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325888&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. L. Di G. Sigalotti, J. Klapp, E. Sira, Y. Melean, and A. Hasmy, <i>J. Comp. Phys. </i><b>191 </b>(2003) 622.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325889&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. Y. Melean, L. Di G. Sigalotti, and A. Hasmy, <i>Comp. Phys. Comm. </i>(2003) in press.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325890&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. J. Klapp, L. Di G. Sigalotti, R. Gabbasov, and E. Sira, <i>Computers &amp; Fluids </i>(2003) submitted.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325891&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. J.J.  Monaghan and J.C. Lattanzio, <i>Astron. Astrophys.   </i><b>149 </b>(1985) 135.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325892&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. J. Bonet and T.&#150;S.L. Lok, <i>Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. </i><b>180 </b>(1999) 97.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325893&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">9. H. Takeda, S.M. Miyama, and M. Sekiya, <i>Prog. Theoret. Phys. </i><b>92 (5)</b> (1994) 939.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8325894&pid=S0035-001X200600090001900009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body><back>
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