<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2005000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Air shower array at the university of Puebla for the study of cosmic rays]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotzomi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Facultad de Físico-Matemáticas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puebla Pue.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Michoacan Institute of Physics and Mathematics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia Mich.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>38</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2005000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[We describe the design and performance of an extensive air shower detector array built in the Campus of the University of Puebla (located at 19°N, 90°W, 800 g/cm²) to measure the energy and arrival direction of primary cosmic rays with energies around 10(15) eV, known as the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum. The array consists of 18 liquid scintillator detectors (12 in the first stage), and 3 water Cherenkov detectors (one of 10 m² cross section and two smaller ones of 1.86 m² cross section), distributed in a square grid with a detector spacing of 20 m over an area of 4000 m². In this paper, we discuss the calibration and stability of the array and report on preliminary measurements of the arrival directions and energies of cosmic ray showers detected with the first stage of the array consisting of 12 liquid scintillator and 3 water Cherenkov detectors. Our results show that the array is efficient in detecting primary cosmic rays with energies in the range of 10(14) to 10(16) eV, with an angular resolution lower than 5.5° for zenithal angles in the range of 20° to 60°. We also point out that the capability of water Cherenkov detectors to separate electromagnetic from muon components of extensive air showers. Finally we remark that this facility is also used to train students interested in the field of cosmic rays.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se describe el diseño y la operación de un arreglo de detectores de cascadas de rayos cósmicos construido en el campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (localizado a 19°N, 90°W, 800 g/cm²) para medir la energía y dirección de llegada de rayos cósmicos primarios con energías alrededor de 10(15) eV, conocida como "la rodilla" del espectro de rayos cósmicos. El arreglo consiste en 18 detectores de centellador líquido (12 en la primera etapa) y 3 detectores Cherenkov de agua (uno de sección transversal de 10 m² y dos mas pequeños de 1.86 m² de sección transversal), distribuidos en una red cuadrada con 20 m de espacio entre los detectores sobre una área de 4000 m². En este artículo se discute la calibración y estabilidad de operación del arreglo y se reporta sobre las mediciones preliminares de las direcciones de llegada y de las energías de cascadas de rayos cósmicos observadas con la primera etapa del arreglo que consiste en 12 detectores de centellador líquido y 3 detectores Cherenkov de agua. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el arreglo es eficiente en la observación indirecta de rayos cósmicos primarios con energías dentro del intervalo de 10(14) a 10(16) eV con una resolución angular menor a 5.5° para ángulos zenitales en el rango de 20° a 60°. También se discute la capacidad de los tanques Cherenkov de agua para hacer posible una separación de las componentes electromagnética y muónica de las cascadas de rayos cósmicos. Las instalaciones de este arreglo se usan también para entrenar estudiantes interesados en el área de los rayos cósmicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cosmic rays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arrival direction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[energy spectrum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Rayos cósmicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dirección de llegada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espectro de energía]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Air shower array at the university of Puebla for the study of cosmic rays</b></font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>J. Cotzomi, O. Mart&iacute;nez, E. Moreno, H. Salazar, and L. Villase&ntilde;or*</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Facultad de F&iacute;sico&#45;Matem&aacute;ticas, Benem&eacute;rita Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Puebla, Apartado Postal 1364, Puebla, Pue., 72000, M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>*On leave of absence from Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Michoacan,</i> <i>Morelia, Mich., 58040, M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 18 de febrero de 2004;    <br> 	aceptado el 15 de octubre de 2004</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">We describe the design and performance of an extensive air shower detector array built in the Campus of the University of Puebla (located at 19&deg;N, 90&deg;W, 800 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) to measure the energy and arrival direction of primary cosmic rays with energies around 10<sup>15</sup> eV, known as the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum. The array consists of 18 liquid scintillator detectors (12 in the first stage), and 3 water Cherenkov detectors (one of 10 m<sup>2</sup> cross section and two smaller ones of 1.86 m<sup>2</sup> cross section), distributed in a square grid with a detector spacing of 20 m over an area of 4000 m<sup>2</sup>. In this paper, we discuss the calibration and stability of the array and report on preliminary measurements of the arrival directions and energies of cosmic ray showers detected with the first stage of the array consisting of 12 liquid scintillator and 3 water Cherenkov detectors. Our results show that the array is efficient in detecting primary cosmic rays with energies in the range of 10<sup>14</sup> to 10<sup>16</sup> eV, with an angular resolution lower than 5.5&deg; for zenithal angles in the range of 20&deg; to 60&deg;. We also point out that the capability of water Cherenkov detectors to separate electromagnetic from muon components of extensive air showers. Finally we remark that this facility is also used to train students interested in the field of cosmic rays.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Cosmic rays; arrival direction; energy spectrum.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se describe el dise&ntilde;o y la operaci&oacute;n de un arreglo de detectores de cascadas de rayos c&oacute;smicos construido en el campus de la Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Puebla (localizado a 19&deg;N, 90&deg;W, 800 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) para medir la energ&iacute;a y direcci&oacute;n de llegada de rayos c&oacute;smicos primarios con energ&iacute;as alrededor de 10<sup>15</sup> eV, conocida como "la rodilla" del espectro de rayos c&oacute;smicos. El arreglo consiste en 18 detectores de centellador l&iacute;quido (12 en la primera etapa) y 3 detectores Cherenkov de agua (uno de secci&oacute;n transversal de 10 m<sup>2</sup> y dos mas peque&ntilde;os de 1.86 m<sup>2</sup> de secci&oacute;n transversal), distribuidos en una red cuadrada con 20 m de espacio entre los detectores sobre una &aacute;rea de 4000 m<sup>2</sup>. En este art&iacute;culo se discute la calibraci&oacute;n y estabilidad de operaci&oacute;n del arreglo y se reporta sobre las mediciones preliminares de las direcciones de llegada y de las energ&iacute;as de cascadas de rayos c&oacute;smicos observadas con la primera etapa del arreglo que consiste en 12 detectores de centellador l&iacute;quido y 3 detectores Cherenkov de agua. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el arreglo es eficiente en la observaci&oacute;n indirecta de rayos c&oacute;smicos primarios con energ&iacute;as dentro del intervalo de 10<sup>14</sup> a 10<sup>16</sup> eV con una resoluci&oacute;n angular menor a 5.5&deg; para &aacute;ngulos zenitales en el rango de 20&deg; a 60&deg;. Tambi&eacute;n se discute la capacidad de los tanques Cherenkov de agua para hacer posible una separaci&oacute;n de las componentes electromagn&eacute;tica y mu&oacute;nica de las cascadas de rayos c&oacute;smicos. Las instalaciones de este arreglo se usan tambi&eacute;n para entrenar estudiantes interesados en el &aacute;rea de los rayos c&oacute;smicos.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Descriptores:</b> Rayos c&oacute;smicos; direcci&oacute;n de llegada; espectro de energ&iacute;a.</font></p>  	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 98.70.Sa; 29.40.Ka; 29.40.Mc</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v51n1/v51n1a7.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgments</b></font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The authors are grateful to FERMILAB for providing the liquid scintillor and to the ICFA Instrumentation Center in Morelia for providing some of the electronics required by this project. This work was partially supported by BUAP, CIC&#45;UMSNH and CONACyT under projects G32739&#45;E and G38706&#45;E.</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>  	    <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. S.P. Swordy <i>et al.</i>, <i>Astroparticle Physics</i> <b>18</b> (2002) 129.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8308260&pid=S0035-001X200500010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>  	    <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. G.V. Kulikov and G.V. Khristiansen, <i>Sov. Phys. 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