<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2003000400010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Visualization of the flow around a bubble moving in a low viscosity liquid]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima-Ochoterena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zenit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>348</fpage>
<lpage>352</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A new technique to visualize the flow around a bubble rising in a low viscosity fluid is presented. With this technique it is possible to observe streak lines of the flow as well as the shape and position of the bubble. The visualization of the streak lines is obtained by open-diaphragm photography of laser-sheet illuminated micro-tracers. The shape and position of the bubble is obtained, in the same photo plate, by simultaneously illuminating the flow with a stroboscopic light. The experiments were performed in a closed acrilic tank of 50 x 50 x 50 cm³, in which bubbles were injected using a capillary tube. Filtered water was used as the working fluid. Pure Nitrogen was used to form the bubbles. Experimental results were obtained for a range of bubble sizes. The size of the injected bubbles was controlled by a fixed volume switch valve. We have identified a change of the bubble trajectory, from rectilinear to zig-zaging, as its volume increases, in accordance with previously reported studies. A characteristic change of the velocity field around the bubble is observed when the trajectory instability appears. We conclude that the point of inflection in the velocity-volume plot is directly related to the appearance of the trajectory instability.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Presentamos una técnica para la visualización del flujo alrededor de una burbuja que se mueve en un líquido newtoniano de baja viscosidad. Esta técnica nos permite observar las líneas de corriente, así como la forma y posición de la burbuja de manera simultánea. La visualización de las líneas de corriente se logra a través de la fotografía por obturador abierto de micro-partículas trazadoras iluminadas por una hoja láser. La forma y la posición de la burbuja se captan en la misma impresión fotográfica iluminando al flujo, de manera simultánea, con una lámpara estroboscópica. Los experimentos se realizaron en un tanque cerrado de 50 x 50 x 50 cm³, en el cual se inyectaron las burbujas a través de un capilar. Se utilizó agua filtrada y nitrógeno puro para formar las burbujas. Obtuvimos resultados experimentales para el flujo de burbujas de diferentes tamaños. El tamaño de las burbujas se controló, para un mismo capilar, con una válvula de conmutación de volumen constante. Con estas mediciones se identificó la transición de trayectoria, de rectilínea a oscilatoria, para una burbuja en agua, de manera similar a lo reportado con anterioridad en la literatura. La aparición del cambio en la trayectoria está asociada con un cambio importante de la estructura del flujo alrededor de la burbuja. Además, obtuvimos una correlación del punto de inflexión de la curva velocidad-volumen con la aparición de la inestabilidad de trayectoria.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bubbles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[terminal velocity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[path instability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flow visualization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Burbujas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[velocidad terminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inestabilidad de trayectoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[visualización]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Investigaci&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Visualization of the flow around a bubble moving in a low viscosity liquid</b></font></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>R. Lima&#45;Ochoterena and R. Zenit*</b></font></p>          <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Aut&oacute;noma de M&eacute;xico Apartado Postal 70&#45;360, Cd. Universitaria, M&eacute;xico D.F. 04510, M&eacute;xico</i></font></p>          <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 22 de enero de 2003.     <br>     Aceptado el 13 de marzo de 2003.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A new technique to visualize the flow around a bubble rising in a low viscosity fluid is presented. With this technique it is possible to observe streak lines of the flow as well as the shape and position of the bubble. The visualization of the streak lines is obtained by open&#45;diaphragm photography of laser&#45;sheet illuminated micro&#45;tracers. The shape and position of the bubble is obtained, in the same photo plate, by simultaneously illuminating the flow with a stroboscopic light. The experiments were performed in a closed acrilic tank of 50 x 50 x 50 cm<sup>3</sup>, in which bubbles were injected using a capillary tube. Filtered water was used as the working fluid. Pure Nitrogen was used to form the bubbles. Experimental results were obtained for a range of bubble sizes. The size of the injected bubbles was controlled by a fixed volume switch valve. We have identified a change of the bubble trajectory, from rectilinear to zig&#45;zaging, as its volume increases, in accordance with previously reported studies. A characteristic change of the velocity field around the bubble is observed when the trajectory instability appears. We conclude that the point of inflection in the velocity&#45;volume plot is directly related to the appearance of the trajectory instability.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Bubbles; terminal velocity; path instability; flow visualization.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Presentamos una t&eacute;cnica para la visualizaci&oacute;n del flujo alrededor de una burbuja que se mueve en un l&iacute;quido newtoniano de baja viscosidad. Esta t&eacute;cnica nos permite observar las l&iacute;neas de corriente, as&iacute; como la forma y posici&oacute;n de la burbuja de manera simult&aacute;nea. La visualizaci&oacute;n de las l&iacute;neas de corriente se logra a trav&eacute;s de la fotograf&iacute;a por obturador abierto de micro&#45;part&iacute;culas trazadoras iluminadas por una hoja l&aacute;ser. La forma y la posici&oacute;n de la burbuja se captan en la misma impresi&oacute;n fotogr&aacute;fica iluminando al flujo, de manera simult&aacute;nea, con una l&aacute;mpara estrobosc&oacute;pica. Los experimentos se realizaron en un tanque cerrado de 50 x 50 x 50 cm<sup>3</sup>, en el cual se inyectaron las burbujas a trav&eacute;s de un capilar. Se utiliz&oacute; agua filtrada y nitr&oacute;geno puro para formar las burbujas. Obtuvimos resultados experimentales para el flujo de burbujas de diferentes tama&ntilde;os. El tama&ntilde;o de las burbujas se control&oacute;, para un mismo capilar, con una v&aacute;lvula de conmutaci&oacute;n de volumen constante. Con estas mediciones se identific&oacute; la transici&oacute;n de trayectoria, de rectil&iacute;nea a oscilatoria, para una burbuja en agua, de manera similar a lo reportado con anterioridad en la literatura. La aparici&oacute;n del cambio en la trayectoria est&aacute; asociada con un cambio importante de la estructura del flujo alrededor de la burbuja. Adem&aacute;s, obtuvimos una correlaci&oacute;n del punto de inflexi&oacute;n de la curva velocidad&#45;volumen con la aparici&oacute;n de la inestabilidad de trayectoria.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Burbujas; velocidad terminal; inestabilidad de trayectoria; visualizaci&oacute;n.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 47.55.Dz; 47.20.Ky; 47.20.Ft; 47.55.Kf</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v49n4/v49n4a10.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgements</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">The support of CONACYT grant number J34497U&#45;2 is greatly acknowledged. RLO wishes to acknowledge the PROBETEL&#45;UNAM scholarship program for its support during the completion ofhis thesis.</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. G.B. Wallis, <i>One&#45;dimensional two&#45;phase flow,</i> (McGraw&#45;Hill, 1969).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295327&pid=S0035-001X200300040001000001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. M.C. Roco, S. Rogers, S. Plasynski, <i>Proceedings</i> <i>of</i> <i>the NSFDOE Workshop on Flow</i> <i>of</i> <i>Particulates and Fluids,</i> Washington, D.C., (National Science Foundation, 1990).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295329&pid=S0035-001X200300040001000002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body>
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