<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0035-001X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de física]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fis.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0035-001X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Física]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0035-001X2003000400002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A CMOS transistor-only 2nd order low-pass &#931;&#916; modulator]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval-Ibarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Diseño Electrónico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guadalajara Jalisco]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>303</fpage>
<lpage>306</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0035-001X2003000400002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A simple procedure for designing a switched-current second-order &#931;&#916; modulator is presented. Since this design assumes a white noise spectrum due the quantization process, and by sizing the needed current branches according the proposed equivalent MOS transistor signal-to-noise ratio, a 2nd order &#931;&#916; modulator suitable to develop an analog-to-digital converter for audio applications has been obtained. The experimental results verify in high percentage the utility of the proposed model. However, additional noise effects have to be taken into account to increase the performance of the modulator.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presenta un procedimiento simple para diseñar un modulador &#931;&#916; de segundo orden en corriente conmutada. En este diseño se asume que el ruido debido al proceso de cuantización presenta un espectro blanco, y dimensionando las ramas de corriente necesaria de acuerdo al modelo equivalente a nivel transistor propuesto para la razón señal-a-ruido, se obtiene un modulador &#931;&#916; de segundo orden adecuado para desarrollar un convertidor analógico-digital para aplicaciones de audio. Los resultados experimentales verifican en gran medida la utilidad del modelo, sin embargo, para incrementar el desempeño del modulador se deben tomar en cuenta efectos adicionales de ruido.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Semiconductor devices]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[integrated circuits]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dispositivos semiconductores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[circuitos integrados]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Carta</font></p>  	    <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>A CMOS transistor&#45;only 2<sup>nd</sup> order low&#45;pass &#931;&#916; modulator</b></font></p>          <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>F. Sandoval&#45;Ibarra and R. Rodr&iacute;guez&#45;Calder&oacute;n</b></font></p>          <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Dise&ntilde;o Electr&oacute;nico, CINVESTAV, Unidad Guadalajara, Prol. Av. L&oacute;pez&#45;Mateos Sur 590, C.P. 45235 Guadalajara, Jal., M&eacute;xico,</i> e&#45;mail: <a href="mailto:sandoval@cts&#45;design.com">sandoval@cts&#45;design.com</a></font></p>          <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Recibido el 21 de enero de 2003.     <br>     Aceptado el 10 de febrero de 2003.</font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">A simple procedure for designing a switched&#45;current second&#45;order &#931;&#916; modulator is presented. Since this design assumes a white noise spectrum due the quantization process, and by sizing the needed current branches according the proposed equivalent MOS transistor signal&#45;to&#45;noise ratio, a 2<sup><i>nd</i></sup> order &#931;&#916; modulator suitable to develop an analog&#45;to&#45;digital converter for audio applications has been obtained. The experimental results verify in high percentage the utility of the proposed model. However, additional noise effects have to be taken into account to increase the performance of the modulator.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Keywords:</b> Semiconductor devices; integrated circuits.</font></p>      <p align="justify">     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Resumen</b></font>        <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se presenta un procedimiento simple para dise&ntilde;ar un modulador &#931;&#916; de segundo orden en corriente conmutada. En este dise&ntilde;o se asume que el ruido debido al proceso de cuantizaci&oacute;n presenta un espectro blanco, y dimensionando las ramas de corriente necesaria de acuerdo al modelo equivalente a nivel transistor propuesto para la raz&oacute;n se&ntilde;al&#45;a&#45;ruido, se obtiene un modulador &#931;&#916; de segundo orden adecuado para desarrollar un convertidor anal&oacute;gico&#45;digital para aplicaciones de audio. Los resultados experimentales verifican en gran medida la utilidad del modelo, sin embargo, para incrementar el desempe&ntilde;o del modulador se deben tomar en cuenta efectos adicionales de ruido.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Dispositivos semiconductores; circuitos integrados.</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">PACS: 85.30; 85.40.G</font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a href="/pdf/rmf/v49n4/v49n4a2.pdf" target="_blank">DESCARGAR ART&Iacute;CULO EN FORMATO PDF</a></font></p>      <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Acknowledgment</b></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Financial support from CONACyT&#45;M&eacute;xico (under grand 38951&#45;A) is gratefully appreciated. The test integrated circuits were fabricated using the facilities of the MOSIS Academic Program. One author (R.R.C.) thanks the scholarship received from CONACyT&#45;M&eacute;xico. The authors thank the granted facilities by SCT (M&eacute;xico) in the loan of measurement equipment.</font></p>      <p align="justify">     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>References</b></font>        <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">1. F. Sandoval&#45;Ibarra, J. Santana&#45;Corte and J. Mor&aacute;n&#45;Serna, <i>International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,</i> Iasi, Rumania, (2001) 213.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295816&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">2. F. Sandoval&#45;Ibarra, J. Santana&#45;Corte, J. Mor&aacute;n&#45;Serna and G. Su&aacute;rez&#45;Liz&aacute;rraga, <i>Rev. Mex. F&iacute;s.</i> 48 (2002) 182.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295818&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">3. F. Sandoval&#45;Ibarra and E. Montoya&#45;Su&aacute;rez, <i>Proc.</i> <i>of</i> <i>the ACCA&#45;</i><i>2002,</i> Santiago de Chile, (2002) 305.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295820&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">4. J. Mor&aacute;n&#45;Serna, Master Thesis, CINVESTAV&#45;Guadalajara Unit, 1999, M&eacute;xico (in Spanish)</font></p>      <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">5. R. Rodr&iacute;guez&#45;Calder&oacute;n, Master Thesis, CINVESTAV&#45;Guadalajara Unit, 2002, M&eacute;xico (in Spanish).</font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">6. M. Loulou, D. Dallet, and P. Marchegay, <i>Proc.</i> <i>of</i> <i>ISCAS,</i> Geneva, (2000).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295824&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">7. N. Tan, <i>Proc.</i> <i>of</i> <i>ISCAS,</i> Seattle, 3 (1995) 2071.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295826&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">8. N. Tan and S. Eriksson, <i>Electronics Letters</i> 30 (1994) 1819.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=8295828&pid=S0035-001X200300040000200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     ]]></body>
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</article>
