<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0028-3746</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Neumología y cirugía de tórax]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Neumol. cir. torax]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0028-3746</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Sociedad Cubana de Neumología; Sociedad Paraguaya de Neumología; Sociedad Boliviana de Neumología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0028-37462025000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/nct.m25000009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Inmunopatología de la infección por SARS-CoV-2]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choreño-Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zúñiga-Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joaquín A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Genética ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tecnológico de Monterrey Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>71</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Los costos económicos y humanos de la COVID-19 son devastadores. A pesar de contar con diagnóstico efectivo, tratamiento antiviral y vacunas para prevenir la infección, es indispensable profundizar en los mecanismos patogénicos del SARS-CoV-2 y sus variantes recientes. Aun con importantes avances, la comprensión de la biopatología de la COVID-19 sigue siendo incompleta, en particular por la aparición de variantes del SARS-CoV-2 con mayor capacidad de transmisión y más patogenicidad. El análisis de la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped en el pulmón y otros tejidos inducida por el virus ha permitido comprender, en parte, la patogénesis de las formas graves de COVID-19 y distinguirla de otras infecciones respiratorias. La compleja interacción de mediadores inmunitarios y factores virales da como resultado una inflamación exacerbada, poco regulada, la cual contribuye al daño a los tejidos y la aparición de formas graves de la enfermedad. En esta revisión se proporciona una descripción general de los mecanismos inmunitarios en la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y su papel en la enfermedad grave. Se analiza el papel de las metaloproteinasas de la matriz, el factor de crecimiento transformante beta y otros mediadores inmunitarios clave en el daño pulmonar. Además, se discuten las posibles implicaciones en las secuelas post-COVID-19 y se destaca el estudio de dichas moléculas como biomarcadores para el diagnóstico, el pronóstico y el tratamiento de pacientes convalecientes de COVID-19.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The loss of human life as well as the global economic costs because of COVID-19 are devastating. Despite having effective diagnosis, antiviral treatment, and vaccines to prevent infection, it is essential to delve deeper into the pathogenic mechanisms in the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its recent variants infection. Despite advances, the understanding of the pathobiology of COVID-19 remains incomplete, particularly due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, with augmented transmissibility and pathogenicity. The analysis of the host immune responses in lung and other tissues induced by this virus has allowed us to partially understand the pathogenesis of severe forms of COVID-19, and distinguish it from other respiratory infections. The complex interaction between cytokines, other immune mediators and viral factors results in exacerbated, poorly regulated, inflammation which contributes to tissue damage and the appearance of severe forms of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunological mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their role in severe disease. We analyzed the role of matrix metalloproteinases, transforming growth factor beta and other key immunological mediators in lung damage. Furthermore, we discuss their possible implications in the post-COVID-19 sequelae and highlight the study of these molecules as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of convalescent patients with COVID-19.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inmunopatología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Citocinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Respuesta inmunitaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Immunopathology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cytokines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Immune response]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prolonged-release pirfenidone in patients with pulmonary fibrosis as a phenotype of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia. Safety and efficacy.]]></article-title>
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