<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0028-3746</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Neumología y cirugía de tórax]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Neumol. cir. torax]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0028-3746</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Sociedad Cubana de Neumología; Sociedad Paraguaya de Neumología; Sociedad Boliviana de Neumología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0028-37462025000100007</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/nct.m25000007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tiempo de pandemias]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pandemics era]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Padilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigala-Centeno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>40</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0028-37462025000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Una pandemia se refiere en general a un brote de enfermedad infecciosa para la cual no se tiene inmunidad, de distribución mundial o muy amplia y en grandes poblaciones, con transmisión local, en brotes explosivos y con un gran número de hospitalizaciones y muertes. Las últimas pandemias respiratorias fueron la de influenza AH1N1 en 2009 y la de COVID-19 en 2020. Los principales factores predisponentes incluyen no solo las características del patógeno, del anfitrión y del vector, sino también aspectos como la urbanización, el hacinamiento, las aglomeraciones y el rápido transporte mundial, y más de fondo la disrupción del hábitat de especies salvajes, el cambio climático, la insuficiencia de los sistemas de salud, así como la pobreza y la inequidad socioeconómica; factores todos ellos que deben considerarse para prevenir o aminorar las pandemias. Los virus de las últimas pandemias siguen circulando de manera esporádica durante el año, y adicionalmente en brotes estacionales durante el invierno, con menor impacto por la mejor inmunidad. También se ha hablado de pandemias de enfermedades o exposiciones no transmisibles, como el tabaquismo, la obesidad y la diabetes, que colisionan con las infecciosas aumentando los riesgos en lo que se ha llamado sindemia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract A pandemic generally refers to an outbreak of an infectious disease for which there is no immunity, with global or widespread distribution, in large populations, with local transmission, explosive outbreaks, and a large number of hospitalizations and deaths. The most recent respiratory pandemics were due to influenza AH1N1 in 2009 and COVID-19 in 2020. The main predisposing factors include not only the characteristics of the germ, the host, and the vector, but also factors such as urbanization, overcrowding, agglomerations, and rapid global transport. More fundamentally, the disruption of wildlife habitats, climate change, inadequate health systems, poverty, and socioeconomic inequity are factors that must be considered to prevent or mitigate pandemics. The viruses from recent pandemics continue to circulate sporadically throughout the year, and additionally in seasonal outbreaks during the winter, with a lesser impact due to improved immunity. There has also been talk of pandemics of non-communicable diseases or exposures such as smoking, obesity, or diabetes, which collide with infectious diseases, increasing the risks in what have been called syndemics.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Epidemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pandemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sindemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Influenza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epidemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pandemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Syndemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Influenza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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