<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0028-3746</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Neumología y cirugía de tórax]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Neumol. cir. torax]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0028-3746</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Sociedad Cubana de Neumología; Sociedad Paraguaya de Neumología; Sociedad Boliviana de Neumología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0028-37462021000300222</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35366/102485</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Neumotórax espontáneo y neumomediastino en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2: serie de casos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: case series]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cogollo-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marysabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamora-Posada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanmiguel-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Gallego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conde-Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la Sabana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cundinamarca ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Cardiología y Fundación Neumológica Colombiana Fundación Cardioinfantil ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>222</fpage>
<lpage>229</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000300222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000300222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000300222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción:  El neumotórax y el neumomediastino asociados a la COVID-19 son complicaciones raras, con una incidencia entre 0.56 y 2%. Pueden desarrollarse en diferentes fases de la enfermedad y en ausencia de factores de riesgo.  Objetivo:  Describir dos casos de neumotórax y un caso de neumomediastino asociados con neumonía por COVID-19.  Material y métodos:  Serie de casos retrospectiva.  Resultados:  Dentro de las características demográficas se destacan la edad entre 50 y 70 años, ausencia de comorbilidades respiratorias o tabaquismo. La media de tiempo entre el inicio de síntomas hasta la aparición del evento fue de 14.6 días. Se presentó un único caso con neumotórax bilateral y neumomediastino de manera simultánea. El tratamiento consistió en manejo conservador para el caso de neumomediastino, toracostomía cerrada para los casos de neumotórax, uno de ellos con requerimiento de pleurectomía con decorticación. La media de estancia hospitalaria fue de 31.3 días, con una evolución clínica satisfactoria de la totalidad de los pacientes.  Conclusiones:  El neumotórax y el neumomediastino son complicaciones potencialmente fatales de la COVID-19. Pueden presentarse en ausencia de enfermedad respiratoria, tabaquismo y ventilación mecánica. Deben sospecharse en todo paciente con deterioro respiratorio en el curso de la enfermedad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Introduction:  Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum associated with COVID-19 are rare complications, with an estimated incidence of 0.56 to 2% of cases. They can occur in different phases of the disease and in absence of risk factors.  Objective:  To describe two pneumothorax cases and other with pneumomediastinum associated with COVID-19 pneumonia.  Material and methods:  Retrospective case series.  Results:  Within the demographic characteristics, the age between 50 to 70 years old stands out, no respiratory comorbidities or smoking. The mean time between the onset of symptoms and the event was 14.6 days. There was a single case with concomitant bilateral pneumothorax with pneumomediastinum. Treatment consisted of conservative management for the pneumomediastinum. Both pneumothorax cases performed closed thoracostomy, one of them required pleurectomy with decortication due to non-re-expansion of the compromised lung. The mean hospital stay was 31.3 days. All patients had a satisfactory clinical evolution.  Conclusions:  Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are potentially fatal complications of COVID-19. It can occur in the absence of respiratory disease, previous smoking or mechanical ventilation. It should be suspected in all patients who present respiratory deterioration in the course of the disease.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Complicaciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfisema mediastinal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neumotórax]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[lesión pulmonar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Complications]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mediastinal emphysema]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pneumothorax]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lung injury]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCool]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diseases of the diaphragm CW, pleura and mediastinum]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schafer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Goldman-Cecil medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<edition>26</edition>
<page-range>602-12</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stratton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Virol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>401-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[I Azhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ntoumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<page-range>264-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elhakim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelaez Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez-Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 pneumonia: a rare case and literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sonia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A complication of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in a non-intubated patient with COVID-19: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cureus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sihoe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Law]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Severe acute respiratory syndrome complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>125</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2345-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Das]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al Jawder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skakni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: temporal lung changes observed on the chest radiographs of 55 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AJR Am J Roentgenol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>205</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>W267-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zantah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominguez Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Townsend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dikengil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Criner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumothorax in COVID-19 disease- incidence and clinical characteristics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Res]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>236</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nadeem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 and pneumothorax: a multicentre retrospective case series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Respir J]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>2002697</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>395</volume>
<numero>10223</numero>
<issue>10223</issue>
<page-range>507-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Respir Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>475-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miró]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llorens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piñera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burillo-Putze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Frequency, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a case-control, emergency medicine-based multicenter study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1241-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akmatbekov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quincy Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vander Heide]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Respir Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>681-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Respir Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>420-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janssen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Manen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cretier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braunstahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumothorax in patients with prior or current COVID-19 pneumonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Med Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>101187</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mediastinal emphysema, giant bulla, and pneumothorax developed during the course of COVID-19 pneumonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Korean J Radiol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>541-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical manifestations of spontaneous pneumomediastinum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>287-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frenkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum. An unusual cause of a sore throat]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Postgrad Med]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>257-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra Gordo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diez Tascón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ossaba Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum and spontaneous pneumothorax as an extrapulmonary complication of COVID-19 disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerg Radiol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>727-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emberson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mafham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>384</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>693-704</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 with spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Travel Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>taaa062</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernheim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fayad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Radiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>295</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>200463</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 with cystic features on computed tomography: A case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine (Baltimore)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alwalid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>425-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geraci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheinerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bizekis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thoracic surgery outcomes for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>S0022-5223</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>00168-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguinagalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Busca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zabaleta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SECT Clinical practice guideline on the management of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax]]></article-title>
<collab>Grupo de trabajo de la GPC para el Manejo de Pacientes con Neumotórax espontáneo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cir Esp (Engl Ed)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallifax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wrightson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bibby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pleural services during the COVID-19 pandemic-revised]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The British Thoracic Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Facciolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giunti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopergolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orsetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Videothoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a 6-year experience]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>357-discussion 361-362</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aiolfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biraghi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montisci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonitta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Micheletto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donatelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of persistent pneumothorax with thoracoscopy and bleb resection in COVID-19 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Thorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>e413-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guangming]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xuedong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19: case report and literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>62</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quincho-Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quincho-Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurtado-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Case report: pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as uncommon complications of COVID-19 pneumonia-literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1170-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kandah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum with pneumothorax in patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Med Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>101308</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eperjesiova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shokr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum/Pneumothorax in Patients With COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cureus]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selvaraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dapaah-Afriyie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iatrogenic pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in a patient with COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[R I Med J (2013)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>32-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hazariwala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Big]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cardiothorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with subcutaneous emphysema, mediastinal emphysema, and pneumothorax: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine (Baltimore)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<issue>20</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ucpinar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yanc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 patient: case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>887-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vatsis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ammar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum Secondary to COVID-19 disease unrelated to mechanical ventilation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Case Rep Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2020</volume>
<page-range>6655428</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gillespie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dincher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fazio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okorji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Can]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Med Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>101232</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vela Colmenero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pola Gallego de Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina de la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in bilateral pneumonia due to COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med Intensiva]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>591-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
