<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0028-3746</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Neumología y cirugía de tórax]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Neumol. cir. torax]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0028-3746</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Sociedad Cubana de Neumología; Sociedad Paraguaya de Neumología; Sociedad Boliviana de Neumología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0028-37462021000100062</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35366/99457</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Barotrauma y ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos COVID-19]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Barotrauma and mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients COVID-19]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martín Adrián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Nava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pamanes-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adrián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cázarez-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcel Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiroga-Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor Elier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar-Corona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Hospital Civil de Culiacán ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Culiacán Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>62</fpage>
<lpage>67</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000100062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000100062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0028-37462021000100062&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La neumonía ocasionada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 que se presenta con manifestaciones graves, puede evolucionar rápidamente a un fracaso respiratorio agudo y a un síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), que deberá recibir el soporte ventilatorio oportuno mediante ventilación mecánica invasiva. El barotrauma es una complicación que se debe tener en cuenta en estos pacientes, debido al riesgo de agravar la evolución clínica, asociándose a un riesgo en la mortalidad. El mecanismo del barotrauma en un paciente con COVID-19 guarda relación con el daño pulmonar asociado con la ventilación mecánica y a los cambios estructurales ocasionados por las complicaciones del COVID-19. Existe poca evidencia a nivel mundial sobre el manejo terapéutico en estos pacientes y dependerá del tipo de complicación ocasionada por el barotrauma. Se debe vigilar la evolución clínica en ellos, debido a la posibilidad de complicaciones cardiovasculares y respiratorias, las cuales deberán resolverse de manera oportuna. El objetivo de esta revisión es informar sobre el conocimiento actual descrito en la literatura de esta complicación en pacientes COVID-19, su incidencia, fisiopatología, diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico.  Conclusiones:  El barotrauma en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 se presenta con mayor frecuencia. Sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden ser inespecíficas, por lo que se debe tener en alta sospecha diagnóstica. Hay poca evidencia hasta el momento de las secuelas pulmonares asociadas al barotrauma en estos pacientes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia can rapidly progress to acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome that should receive timely ventilatory support invasive mechanical ventilation. Barotrauma is a complication that should be considered in this type of patient due to the risk of worsening the clinical course, increasing mortality risk. The mechanism of how barotrauma occurs in COVID-19 patient is related to lung damage associated with mechanical ventilation and structural changes caused by COVID-19 complications. Worldwide evidence on therapeutic management on barotrauma in COVID-19 patient is limited. Clinical evolution should be monitored due to the possibility of cardiovascular and respiratory complications, which must be resolved in a timely manner. The objective of this review is to inform about the current knowledge described in literature of this complication in COVID-19 patients, its incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.  Conclusions:  Barotrauma presentation frequency increases in COVID-19 infected patients. Clinical manifestations can be nonspecific, so the diagnosis should have high suspicion. There is little evidence to date of pulmonary sequelae associated with barotrauma in these patients.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Barotrauma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ventilación mecánica invasiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neumomediastino]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neumotórax]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Barotrauma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[invasive mechanical ventilation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pneumomediastinum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pneumothorax]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abushahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degliuomini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aronow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A case of spontaneous pneumothorax 21 days after diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Case Rep]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turchetto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tusman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makinistian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ventilación mecánica en la lesión pulmonar por SARS-CoV-2: ¿Qué puede aportar la capnografía volumétrica?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suwanwongse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shabarek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum in mechanically ventilated coronavirus disease 2019 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quincho-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quincho-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurtado-Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Case report: pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum as uncommon complications of COVID-19 pneumonia-literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1170-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of pneumothorax and barotrauma: current concepts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Compr Ther]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>311-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Barotrauma and mechanical ventilation. [Updated 2020 Aug 8]]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[StatPearls [Internet]]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Treasure Island ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[StatPearls Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiersinga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rhodes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peacock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prescott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>324</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>782-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slutsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ranieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ventilator-induced lung injury]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>369</volume>
<numero>22</numero>
<issue>22</issue>
<page-range>2126-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sklar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lung recruitability in COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: A single-center, observational study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Respir Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>201</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1294-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murayama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and Macklin effect: overview and appearance on computed tomography]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World J Radiol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>850-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geoghegan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arbyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohammed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGuiness]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jadue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cornejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neumomediastino espontáneo (síndrome de Hamman): Una enfermedad benigna mal diagnosticada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Méd Chile]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1045-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brogna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bignardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salvatore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alberigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brogna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Megliola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unusual presentations of COVID-19 pneumonia on CT scans with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and loculated pneumothorax: A report of two cases and a review of the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Heart Lung]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouritas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papagiannopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazaridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mpoukovinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karavasilis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S44-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frutos-Vivar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brochard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidence, risk factors and outcome of barotrauma in mechanically ventilated patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>612-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGuiness]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wickstrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mason]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High incidence of barotrauma in patients with COVID-19 infection on invasive mechanical ventilation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Radiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ioannidis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazaridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mpoukovinas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karavasilis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lampakai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Barotrauma and pneumothorax]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S38-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tratamiento con drenajes subcutáneos en el neumomediastino y enfisema subcutáneo masivo (carta al editor)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Bronconeumol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>127-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sherif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The use of subcutaneous drains to manage subcutaneous emphysema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tex Heart Inst J]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>129-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdallat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Awwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kothuru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Punzina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Barotrauma in COVID-19 Patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Lung Health Dis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>8-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacDuff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arnold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thorax]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>^s2</numero>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<supplement>2</supplement>
<page-range>ii18-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallifax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wrightson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bibby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pleural services during the COVID-19 pandemic - revised]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The British Thoracic Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorospe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala-Carbonero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ureña-Vacas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fra Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrieta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in patients with COVID-19: a case series of four patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Bronconeumol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plojoux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Froudarakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janssens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soccal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tschopp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New insights and improved strategies for the management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Respir J]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>195-201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus infections and immune responses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Med Virol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>424-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shekar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziegenfuss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Windsor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bronchopleural fistula: an update for intensivists]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
