<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0028-3746</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Neumología y cirugía de tórax]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Neumol. cir. torax]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0028-3746</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax; Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas; Sociedad Cubana de Neumología; Sociedad Paraguaya de Neumología; Sociedad Boliviana de Neumología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0028-37462019000100041</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Neumomediastino asociado a crisis asmática en el adulto. Reporte de dos casos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum associated with asthmatic crisis in adulthood. A report of two cases]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urrego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burgos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Álvaro J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro-Monterroza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moros-Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Danna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moyano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naranjo-Casallas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sol]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nathalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Engativá  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0028-37462019000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0028-37462019000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0028-37462019000100041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción:  El neumomediastino es la forma más frecuente del síndrome de fuga de aire en la crisis asmática del adulto. Es de curso benigno aunque puede complicarse por neumotórax y neumopericardio. Puede ser subdiagnosticado si no se sospecha. Presentación de los casos: Ambos casos se hallaron en Bogotá (2,640 metros sobre el nivel del mar) Caso 1: Mujer de 30 años con asma desde la infancia y tabaquismo ingresa por tos, disnea, dolor torácico anterior y cervical; se halló hipoxemia, broncoobstrucción y enfisema subcutáneo cervical, éste último confirmado en radiografía de tórax. La tomografía de tórax demostró neumomediastino extenso. Caso 2: Adolescente femenina de 16 años con antecedente de asma con síntomas respiratorios altos, disnea y dolor torácico; se documenta desaturación de oxígeno, enfisema subcutáneo cervical y torácico y sibilancias generalizadas. La radiografía de tórax confirmó enfisema subcutáneo con tomografía de tórax que diagnosticó neumomediastino. En ninguno de los casos se documentó neumotórax ni compromiso hemodinámico y ambos presentaron evolución satisfactoria con broncodilatadores, corticoide sistémico, oxigenoterapia y reposo.  Conclusiones:  El 11% de los pacientes con crisis asmática cursa con neumomediastino. La hipoxemia que no mejora a las 24 horas, el dolor torácico y cervical y el enfisema subcutáneo son pistas clínicas para sospecharlo siendo la tomografía de tórax el método diagnóstico por excelencia. El neumomediastino suele ser de curso benigno aunque podría complicarse poniendo en riesgo la vida. Su manejo consiste en el tratamiento de la broncoobstrucción, oxigenoterapia a alta fracción inspirada de O2 y reposo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Introduction:  Pneumomediastinum (NM) is the most frequent manifestation of air leak syndrome in asthmatic crisis in adults. Its course is benign despite sometimes could occur complications like pneumothorax and pneumopericardium. However NM can be subdiagnosticated if it is not suspected. Cases presentation: Both cases was development in Bogota (2,640 m.a.s.l.) Case 1: A 30 years old female who had moderate persistent asthma since childhood and smoke habit presents with a history of cough, breathlessness, chest and cervical pain. On examination, she has hypoxemia, wheezing and cervical subcutaneous emphysema, the latter confirmed by chest x-ray. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated extensive NM. Case 2: A 16 years old teenage women with a history of asthma since she was 8 years old was evaluated for acute respiratory symptoms, breathlessness and chest pain. On physical examination she has oxygen desaturation on room air, cervical and thoracic subcutaneous emphysema and generalized wheezing. Chest x-ray confirmed cervical subcutaneous emphysema and chest CT diagnosed NM. Neither of the cases had pneumothorax or hemodynamic compromise. Both cases had satisfactory evolution with bronchodilators, systemic corticoid, oxygen suplency an repose.  Conclusions:  Up to 11% of asthmatic crisis can course with NM. Clinical clues include no improvement of the hypoxemia in first 24 hours, chest and cervical pain and subcutaneous emphysema. Chest CT is the diagnostic tool of choice. NM usually follows a benign course although can has life-threatening complications. Management consists in treatment of bronchial obstruction, high fraction of inspired oxygen oxygenotherapie and repose.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enfisema mediastínico, asma, enfisema subcutáneo, hipoxemia, tomografía [DeCS]]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mediastinal emphysema, asthma, subcutaneous emphysema, hypoxemia, tomography [MeSH]]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ichinose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sugiura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Japanese guidelines for adult asthma 2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Allergol Int]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>163-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nishima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Air leak syndrome (ALS) as complication of asthma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Paediatr Jpn]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>330-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vianello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caminati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chieco-Bianchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum complicating severe acute asthma exacerbation in adult patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Asthma]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maldonado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reference values for arterial blood gases at an altitude of 2.640 meters]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Respir Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>187</volume>
<page-range>A4852</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>1-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laennec]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RTH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A treatise on diseases of the chest and on mediate auscultation, translated by Jhon Forbes]]></source>
<year>1827</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Underwood, London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[T &amp; G]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kouritas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Papagiannopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lazaridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S44-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sahni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grullon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talwar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: time for consensus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Am J Med Sci]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>460-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumorrhachis: an under-recognized entity correlates with severity of spontaneous pneumomediastinum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Dis]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>E149-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macklin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transport of air along sheaths of pulmonic blood vessels from alveoli to mediastinum: Clinical implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Intern Med]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>913-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macklin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macklin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: interpretation of the clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>281-358</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glatz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marjanovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kulemann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management and outcome of esophageal stenting for spontaneous esophageal perforations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dis Esophagus]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caputo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum in childhood asthma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Emerg Care]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>98-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eggleston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bierman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radiographic abnormalities in acute asthma in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>442-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Cardiothorac Surg]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1110-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical Mmnifestations of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>287-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bodey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medical mediastinal emphysema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Intern Med]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>46-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bejvan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Godwin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum: old signs and new signs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AJR Am J Roentgenol]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>166</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1041-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glüer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reismann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dördelmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schirg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous neonatal pneumomediastinum: the &#8220;spinnaker sail&#8221; sign]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Pediatr Surg]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>50-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zylak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Standen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zylak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum revisited]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Radiographics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1043-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yellin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gapany-Gapanavicius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lieberman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: is it a rare cause of chest pain?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thorax]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>383-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dekel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szeinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barzilay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children: clinical and natural history]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Pediatr]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>155</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>695-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerazounis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Athanassiadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalantzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moustardas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a rare benign entity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>774-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzwater]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malvezzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos-Irizarry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burnweit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr Surg]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>983-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munsell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pneumomediastinum. A report of 28 cases and review of the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>202</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>689-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kesler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Persistent pneumomediastinum in interstitial fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: treatment with high-concentration oxygen]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1809-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical experience of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: diagnosis and treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Thorac Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1817-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landreneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Massive spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema. Acute management with infraclavicular &#8220;blow holes&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>503-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reddy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curtiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Toole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cardiac tamponade: hemodynamic observations in man]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>265-672</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cluroe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holloway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purdie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beasley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bronchial gland duct ectasia in fatal bronchial asthma: association with interstitial emphysema]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Pathol]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1026-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nascimento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FBPD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolhnikoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Picka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MCM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saldiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PHN; BIAS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in fatal asthma: case report and histopathological review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Pulm Med]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
