<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0026-1742</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (México)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Fac. Med. (Méx.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0026-1742</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0026-17422025000600008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fm.24484865e.2025.68.6.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los endocannabinoides y las orexinas en la modulación del ciclo vigilia-sueño y del abuso de sustancias (Segunda de dos partes)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Endocannabinoids and Orexins in the Modulation of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Substance Abuse (second of two parts)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostos Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria Daval]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez Villatoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johana Paulina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera Solís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prospero García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González Subdirección de Investigación Biomédica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Psicología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000600008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Los trastornos del sueño son altamente prevalentes entre personas con trastorno por uso de sustancias (TUS). Se ha reportado que aproximadamente siete de cada diez pacientes que ingresan a tratamiento por desintoxicación presentan dificultades para dormir y que una proporción similar de los usuarios de drogas consume como forma de automedicación para regular el ciclo sueño-vigilia. Este trastorno, además de afectar la calidad de vida, incrementa la vulnerabilidad a la recaída y la severidad del TUS. En México, el alcohol es la sustancia de abuso más consumida (más del 70 &#1642; de la población), mientras que, a nivel mundial, la marihuana es la droga ilícita de mayor uso, con 219 millones de consumidores reportados en 2021. De ahí la importancia, a nivel mexicano y mundial, de profundizar en la relación entre las disfunciones del sueño y los TUS, analizando los procesos neurobiológicos que las vinculan, entre ellos los regulados por los sistemas orexinérgico y endocannabinoide. Este trabajo constituye la segunda parte de un análisis integral sobre los sistemas neurobiológicos que vinculan la regulación del sueño con la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas. En la primera parte se abordó la relevancia del ciclo sueño-vigilia, mediado por factores homeostáticos (Proceso S) y circadianos (Proceso C), así como la participación de diversos neurotransmisores. En esta segunda parte se profundiza en el papel del sistema endocannabinoide y del sistema de hipocretinas/orexinas en la regulación del sueño y su relación con los mecanismos de reforzamiento y adicción. Tanto las orexinas como los endocannabinoides modulan los circuitos de motivación y recompensa, implicados en el consumo de alcohol, opioides y psicoestimulantes. Además, ambos sistemas participan activamente en la regulación del ciclo sueño-vigilia. La activación del sistema orexinérgico promueve la vigilia, mientras que su disfunción se ha asociado con narcolepsia. Por otro lado, se ha observado que la alteración del sistema endocannabinoide, generada por el consumo crónico de cannabis, produce trastornos del sueño que se mantienen incluso durante la abstinencia. La evidencia experimental en modelos murinos demuestra que antagonizar los receptores OX1R/OX2R o bloquear los receptores CB1R reduce la búsqueda y la recaída al consumo de drogas. Por ello, la modulación farmacológica de estos sistemas se plantea como una estrategia prometedora para tratar los trastornos del sueño y mejorar los resultados de rehabilitación en pacientes con TUS.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Sleep disorders are highly prevalent among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). It has been reported that approximately seven out of ten patients entering detoxification treatment experience difficulties falling or staying asleep, and that a similar proportion of drug users consume substances as a form of self-medication to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Beyond affecting quality of life, sleep disturbances increase vulnerability to relapse and the severity of SUD. In Mexico, alcohol is the most commonly used substance (over 70 &#1642; of the population), whereas globally, cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug, with 219 million users reported in 2021. Therefore, both in the Mexican and global contexts, it is of great relevance to identify the intersections between sleep disturbances and SUD, including the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, such as those mediated by the orexinergic and endocannabinoid systems. This work constitutes the second part of a comprehensive analysis of the neurobiological systems linking sleep regulation with vulnerability to drug use. The first part addressed the relevance of the sleep-wake cycle, mediated by homeostatic (Process S) and circadian (Process C) factors, as well as the participation of various neurotransmitters. In this second part, the focus is on the role of the endocannabinoid and hypocretin/orexin systems in the regulation of sleep and their relationship with reinforcement and addiction mechanisms. Both orexins and endocannabinoids modulate motivation and reward circuits involved in the consumption of alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. Moreover, both systems actively participate in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Activation of the orexinergic system promotes wakefulness, whereas its dysfunction has been associated with narcolepsy. Conversely, disruption of the endocannabinoid system has been shown to produce sleep disturbances, even during abstinence. Experimental evidence from murine models demonstrates that antagonizing OX1R/OX2R receptors or blocking CB1R receptors reduces drug-seeking behavior and relapse. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of these systems is proposed as a promising strategy to treat sleep disorders and improve rehabilitation outcomes in patients with SUD.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Endocannabinoides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[orexinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciclo sueño-vigilia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[adicción a sustancias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neurobiología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Endocannabinoids]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orexins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sleep-wake cycle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[substance addiction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neurobiology]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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