<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0026-1742</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (México)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Fac. Med. (Méx.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0026-1742</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0026-17422025000500008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/fm.24484865e.2025.68.5.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los endocannabinoides y las orexinas en la modulación del ciclo vigilia-sueño y del abuso de sustancias (Primera de dos partes)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Endocannabinoids and Orexins in the Modulation of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Substance Abuse]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostos-Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daval-Marín-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Villatoro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johana Paulina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera-Solís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prospéro-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Fisiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Fisiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Psicología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>8</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0026-17422025000500008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La vigilia y el sueño constituyen estados fisiológicos esenciales que se alternan de manera cíclica en humanos y otras especies. El sueño, caracterizado por una pérdida reversible de la consciencia y la modulación de funciones autonómicas, se organiza en fases diferenciadas: sueño sin movimientos oculares rápidos (sNMOR), subdividido en N1, N2 y N3, y sueño con movimientos oculares rápidos (sMOR). Estas fases cumplen funciones críticas en la restauración metabólica, el procesamiento de la información y la consolidación de distintos tipos de memoria. Por su parte, la vigilia se define por un estado de consciencia activa, orientada a la interacción con el entorno y sostenida por la actividad coordinada de múltiples neurotransmisores. El ciclo sueño-vigilia se explica a través del modelo de dos procesos: un componente circadiano (proceso C), regulado por el núcleo supraquiasmático y sincronizado con el ciclo luz-oscuridad, y un componente homeostático (proceso S), que depende de la acumulación de sustancias como la adenosina y la cortistatina durante la vigilia. Estos procesos interactúan con sistemas neuroquímicos que incluyen acetilcolina, dopamina, serotonina, noradrenalina, histamina, hipocretinas/orexinas y neuropéptidos como VIP, CCK e IL-1&#946;. Su regulación precisa resulta indispensable para el mantenimiento de la salud fisiológica y cognitiva, mientras que su disfunción se asocia a trastornos del sueño y a una mayor vulnerabilidad a la adicción a sustancias. Este trabajo constituye la primera parte de un análisis integral sobre los sistemas neurobiológicos que vinculan la regulación del sueño y la vulnerabilidad al consumo de drogas. En una segunda publicación, se abordará el papel del sistema endocannabinoide y del sistema de orexinas en la regulación de diferentes funciones fisiológicas, incluyendo el ciclo sueño-vigilia, así como su participación en la instalación de trastornos de sueño y en los mecanismos que subyacen al abuso de sustancias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Wakefulness and sleep are essential physiological states that alternate cyclically in humans and other species. Sleep, characterized by a reversible loss of consciousness and modulation of autonomic functions, is organized into distinct phases: non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), subdivided into N1, N2, and N3, and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). These phases play critical roles in metabolic restoration, information processing, and the consolidation of different types of memory. Wakefulness, in contrast, is defined as an active state of consciousness oriented toward environmental interaction, sustained by the coordinated activity of multiple neurotransmitters. The sleep-wake cycle is explained through the two-process model: a circadian component (process C), regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and synchronized with the light-dark cycle, and a homeostatic component (process S), dependent on the accumulation of substances such as adenosine and cortistatin during wakefulness. These processes interact with neurochemical systems that include acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, hypocretins/orexins, and neuropeptides such as VIP, CCK, and IL-1&#946;. Their precise regulation is indispensable for the maintenance of physiological and cognitive health, whereas their dysfunction is associated with sleep disorders and increased vulnerability to substance addiction. This work represents the first part of an integrative analysis of the neurobiological systems that link sleep regulation with vulnerability to drug use. A second publication will address the role of the endocannabinoid and orexin systems in the regulation of diverse physiological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle, as well as their contribution to the development of sleep disorders and the mechanisms underlying substance abuse.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sueño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sNMOR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sMOR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vigilia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proceso circadiano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proceso homeostático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sleep]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[NREM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[REM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wakefulness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[circadian process]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[homeostatic process]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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