<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692025000301641</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/igeof.2954436xe.2025.64.3.1787</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Cost-Effective Planning in Diabase Gravel Mining Operations in Southeastern Brazil]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lenon Melo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guireli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonides]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masquelin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araújo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Flavia da Silva]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luiza Lima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pampa Federal University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caçapava do Sul Rio Grande do Sul]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,São Paulo State University Geosciences and Exact Sciences Institute Department of Geology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Rio Claro São Paulo]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institute for Technological Research Cities, Infrastructure and Environment Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo São Paulo]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Ciencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montevideo Montevideo]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,São Paulo State University Graduation program in Geosciences and Environmental Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Rio Claro São Paulo]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1641</fpage>
<lpage>1655</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301641&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301641&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301641&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Planning in mineral extraction is fundamental to the operational and economic success of a mine, with an emphasis on reducing costs during exploration and the safety of operations. This study focused on small-scale mining operations to produce diabase gravel, an important input in civil building. The profile of residential construction in Brazil and other South American countries has historically depended on local materials such as sand, clay and stone. However, the operational viability of small-scale mines is closely linked to low-cost conditions, including soil thickness, rock homogeneity and water pumping costs. This study presents a case of using the geophysical method of electroresistivity, specifically electrical resistivity tomography, in a diabase gravel mining operation. Exploring deeper into the mine, the presence of granite was discovered at different depths, which implies various drilling, blasting and crushing costs. The distinction between diabase and granite, despite their similarities in electrical resistivity, is crucial for mine planning and project viability. The study overcame scientific and technological challenges, based on the geological/structural characteristics of each rock and on climatic and seasonal variables. The use of electrical resistivity tomography proved to be an effective solution, offering satisfactory results for mapping and discriminating between diabase and granite, providing crucial information for mine planning and potentially reducing operating costs. This work highlights the growing importance of applying geophysical methods to small-scale mining operations, as they can be an investigative technique to help with specific challenges faced by these operations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La planificación en la extracción de minerales es fundamental para el éxito operativo y económico de una mina, con énfasis en la reducción de costes durante la explotación y la seguridad de las operaciones. Este estudio se centró en la minería a pequeña escala para la producción de grava de diabasa, un importante insumo en la construcción civil. El perfil de la construcción residencial en Brasil y otros países sudamericanos ha dependido históricamente de materiales locales como arena, arcilla y piedra. Sin embargo, la viabilidad operativa de las minas de pequeña escala está estrechamente vinculada a condiciones de bajo costo, incluyendo el espesor del suelo, la homogeneidad de la roca y los costos de bombeo de agua. Este estudio presenta un caso de utilización del método geofísico de la electrorresistividad, concretamente la tomografía de resistividad eléctrica, en una explotación minera de grava diabásica. Cuando la mina se exploró más profundamente, se descubrió granito a diferentes profundidades, lo que conlleva diversos costes de perforación, voladura y trituración. Distinguir entre diabasa y granito, a pesar de sus similitudes en cuanto a resistividad eléctrica, es crucial para la planificación de la mina y la viabilidad del proyecto. El estudio superó retos científicos y tecnológicos, basados en las características geológicas/estructurales de cada roca y en variables climáticas y estacionales. El uso de tomografía de resistividad eléctrica demostró ser una solución eficaz, mostrando resultados satisfactorios en la cartografía y discriminación entre diabasa y granito, proporcionando información crucial para la planificación de la mina y reduciendo potencialmente los costes de explotación. Este trabajo pone de relieve la creciente importancia de aplicar métodos geofísicos a las operaciones mineras a pequeña escala, ya que pueden ser una técnica de investigación que ayude a resolver los retos específicos a los que se enfrentan estas operaciones.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mineral extraction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sterile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geophysics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electrical resistivity tomography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exploración minera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estériles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geofísica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tomografía de resistividad eléctrica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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