<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692025000301627</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/igeof.2954436xe.2025.64.3.1827</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impact of 2019 Earthquakes on Shallow Aquifers in Northern sub-Himalayan Pakistan: A Detailed Analysis of Mirpur and Surrounding Areas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abrar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nisar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Umair Bin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mughal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Rizwan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ehsan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Siddique Akhtar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rashida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Muzaffarabad Institute of Geology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Meteorology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Islamabad ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Physics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lahore ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1627</fpage>
<lpage>1640</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301627&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301627&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692025000301627&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In 2019, a series of earthquakes struck the northern sub-Himalayan region of Pakistan, with the Mirpur earthquake triggering extensive coseismic liquefaction-induced surface deformations, such as sand blows, ground failure, and lateral spreading along the upper Jhelum Canal (UJC). A total of thirty-two vertical electrical sounding (VES) sites were acquired to investigate the deeper aquifer system in the region. An electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was conducted along the canal to comprehensively delineate the subsurface conditions associated with the coseismic liquefaction phenomenon in the epicentral region. To address the water quality after the earthquakes, physiochemical analysis was also performed on twenty-four water samples collected from the tube wells and shallow water wells across the study area. The VES data reveals that the lithological units consist of thick layers of sandy clay, sand, and sand with gravel. The iso-resistivity map and hydrochemical analysis reflects fresh groundwater potential at a depth of about 100m. The ERT profiles identified a low resistivity (&lt;10 &#8486;m) saturated layer of clay that is about 20m thick. This saturated layer records the rise in groundwater level and contributes to liquefaction and land subsidence during an earthquake. The higher values of turbidity in shallow water samples document deterioration of water quality due to multiple earthquake tremors. The sandy aquifer units present at deeper levels are highly recommended for drinking purposes and domestic usage.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En 2019, una serie de sismos afectó la región subhimalaya del norte de Pakistán, con el terremoto de Mirpur desencadenando extensas deformaciones superficiales por licuefacción cosísmica, como surgencias de arena, fallas del terreno y desplazamientos laterales a lo largo del Canal Superior de Jhelum (UJC). Se realizaron un total de treinta y dos sondeos eléctricos verticales (VES) para investigar el sistema acuífero profundo de la región. Además, se llevó a cabo un perfilaje de tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (ERT) a lo largo del canal para delinear de manera integral las condiciones subsuperficiales asociadas al fenómeno de licuefacción cosísmica en la región epicentral. Para evaluar la calidad del agua después de los terremotos, también se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos en veinticuatro muestras de agua recolectadas de pozos tubulares y pozos someros en el área de estudio. Los datos de VES revelan que las unidades litológicas consisten en gruesas capas de arcilla arenosa, arena y arena con grava. El mapa de iso-resistividad y el análisis hidroquímico reflejan un potencial de agua subterránea dulce a una profundidad de aproximadamente 100 m. Los perfiles de ERT identificaron una capa saturada de arcilla de baja resistividad (&lt;10 &#8486;m) con un espesor de aproximadamente 20 m. Esta capa saturada registra el aumento del nivel freático y contribuye a la licuefacción y subsidencia del terreno durante un terremoto. Los valores elevados de turbidez en las muestras de agua somera documentan el deterioro de la calidad del agua debido a los múltiples temblores. Las unidades de acuíferos arenosos presentes a mayores profundidades son altamente recomendables para consumo humano y uso doméstico.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vertical electrical sounding]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Electrical resistivity tomography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Groundwater]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Contamination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Earthquakes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sondeos eléctricos verticales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tomografía de resistividad eléctrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agua subterránea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Contaminación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sismos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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