<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-7169</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Geofísica internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Geofís. Intl]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-7169</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geofísica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-71692022000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2022.61.1.2204</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The 1815 Tambora Eruption: Its Significance to the Understanding of Large-Explosion Caldera Formations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yokoyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Izumi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Japan Academy  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tokyo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Japan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-71692022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-71692022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-71692022000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Volcanic calderas, plentiful on the Earth and the moon, have been of much interest to volcanologists because of their large dimensions and extensive volumes of ejecta. Here, we consider the dynamics of caldera-forming by major explosive eruptions, examining how the breakdown of the earth&amp;apos;s surface is caused by violent igneous activity. This leads to the definition of &#8220;typical explosion caldera&#8221;, which is a prototype of several newly-formed calderas in the historical timescale. There are three examples of such calderas: Tambora (Sumbawa), Krakatau (Sunda Straits), and Novarupta (Alaska). Tambora Caldera is the best example of a well-documented, recently formed typical explosion caldera, with no significant subsequent eruptions occurring after its formation. The subsurface structure of Tambora Caldera is discussed and compared to the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, the second largest eruption in historical times. Then, contrasting with the typically basaltic &#8220;collapse-type&#8221; calderas, a &#8220;Tambora-caldera type&#8221; is defined as a large &#8220;explosion-type&#8221; caldera, that may reach up to 10 km in diameter. The Tambora- type caldera concept is useful to qualify and understand the structure and components of other major calderas in the world. Fully developed larger explosion calderas such as Aso and Aira Calderas in Kyushu, Japan are discussed and explained as composite calderas based on geophysical data. Those calderas have repeatedly ejected massive pyroclastic products causing their original structures to grow wider than 10 km.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Las calderas volcánicas, abundantes tanto en la Tierra como en la Luna, son de gran interés para los vulcanólogos, principalmente por sus grandes dimensiones y por los grandes volúmenes que emiten. En el presente trabajo se considera la dinámica de la formación de calderas por erupciones de muy alta explosividad por medio del análisis de como se produce el fracturamiento de la superficie terrestre por causa de actividad ígnea violenta. Esto lleva a la definición de la &#8220;típica caldera de explosión&#8221;, que es un prototipo de varias calderas formadas recientemente, en la escala histórica de tiempo. Existen tres ejemplos de ese tipo de calderas: Tambora (Sumbawa), Krakatau (Estrecho de Sunda) y Novarupta (Alaska). La caldera de Tambora es el mejor ejemplo bien documentado del origen de una típica caldera de explosión y que no ha producido erupciones importantes subsecuentes a su formación. La estructura subyacente a la caldera Tambora se discute y se compara con la de la caldera de Krakatau formada en 1883, la segunda erupción más grande en el tiempo histórico. De allí, en contraste con las calderas típicamente basálticas del &#8220;tipo colapso&#8221;, se define el &#8220;tipo Tambora&#8221; de caldera como una del &#8220;tipo explosión&#8221; de gran tamaño, que puede alcanzar diámetros de hasta 10 km. Este concepto de caldera tipo Tambora resulta útil para comprender y caracterizar la estructura y las componentes de otras grandes calderas del mundo. Grandes calderas de explosión completamente desarrolladas, tales como las calderas Aso y Aira en Kyushu, Japón se discuten y se interpretan a partir de datos geofísicos como calderas compuestas: En esas calderas se han producido grandes erupciones adyacentes produciendo emisiones masivas de productos piroclásticos y causando que sus estructuras originales alcanzaran anchuras en exceso de 10 km.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[The 1815 Tambora eruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Explosive eruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Caldera formation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Large ejected volumes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Definition of Tambora-type calderas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Composite calderas and Aso and Aira calderas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[La erupción de Tambora de 1815]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[grandes erupciones explosivas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[formación de calderas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[grandes volúmenes emitidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[definición de caldera tipo Tambora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calderas compuestas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calderas Aso y Aira]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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