<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132026000100140</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.25000275</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores asociados al rezago académico en los dos primeros años de la carrera de medicina de la UNAM]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Factors associated with academic delay in the first two years of the medical program at UNAM]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera-Paredez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Berenice]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olaiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alpuche-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Amílcar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Altuna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Ángeles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salmerón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sepúlveda-Vildósola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Políticas Centro de Investigación en Políticas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dirección General de Atención a la Salud  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Educación Médica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría de Servicios Escolares  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>162</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>140</fpage>
<lpage>152</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132026000100140&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132026000100140&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132026000100140&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: El rezago académico afecta la calidad y la equidad educativa. Identificar sus factores asociados estratificados por sexo es clave para intervenciones efectivas.  Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre factores sociales y demográficos, de salud mental y de estilos de vida, y el rezago académico, en los dos primeros años de la carrera de medicina, estratificados por sexo y por periodo pandémico.  Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectiva con 10,866 estudiantes de nuevo ingreso (2017-2023) de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), con seguimiento por dos años. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística multivariada, estratificados por sexo y por periodo pandémico.  Resultados: Se observaron diferencias en variables académicas, sociodemográficas, de estilos de vida y de salud entre los tres periodos. En los hombres, mayor edad, procedencia del Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH), sobrepeso/obesidad y violencia aumentan el riesgo, mientras que un promedio alto, educación parental, estrategias de estudio y apoyo familiar reducen el riesgo. En las mujeres, mayor edad, procedencia del CCH, violencia y depresión combinada con obesidad incrementan el riesgo, mientras que educación en escuelas particulares y escolaridad materna elevada son factores protectores.  Conclusiones: El rezago académico está influenciado por factores sociales, demográficos y de salud, con diferencias por sexo, lo que resalta la importancia de diseñar intervenciones diferenciadas para mejorar el rendimiento académico y reducir desigualdades.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Academic delay affects both the quality and equity of education. Identifying its associated factors, stratified by sex, is key to designing effective interventions.  Objective: To assess the association between sociodemographic, mental health and lifestyle factors and academic underachievement during the first two years of medical school, stratified by sex and pandemic period.  Materials and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with 10,866 first-year medical students (2017-2023) from the Faculty of Medicine at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), followed for two years. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied, stratified by sex and pandemic period.  Results: Differences were observed across the three periods in academic, sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related variables. Among men, older age, attending Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH), overweight/obesity, and experiences of violence increased the risk of academic delay, whereas high previous academic performance, parental education, effective study strategies, and family support were protective factors. Among women, older age, attending CCH, violence, and the combination of depression and obesity were associated with higher risk, while private high school education and higher maternal education level were protective.  Conclusions: Academic underachievement is influenced by sociodemographic and health factors, with sex-based differences. These findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to improve academic performance and reduce inequalities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Rezago académico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pandemia de COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdades educativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Educación superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Academic lag]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19 pandemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Educational inequalities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Higher education]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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