<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132023000600599</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.23000429</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedades respiratorias en México. Análisis del estudio Global Burden of Disease 2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Respiratory diseases in Mexico. Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Padilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Rogelio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thirión-Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ireri]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robinson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cagney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jack]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-Blancas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas" Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Washington University Instituto para la Métrica y Evaluación de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias de la Métrica en Salud]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle Washington]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación "Carlos Slim"  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>159</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>599</fpage>
<lpage>613</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600599&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600599&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600599&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: Las enfermedades respiratorias (ER) se analizan individualmente, posiblemente con subestimación de su carga total.  Objetivo: Analizar la carga de las ER en México para población de 20 años o más de 1990 a 2021.  Material y métodos: Se presenta la carga de ER en México a partir de estimaciones del estudio Global Burden of Disease en cuanto a mortalidad y años de vida saludable (AVISA) perdidos que comprenden recuentos, tasas por 100 000 y tasas estandarizadas por edad. Las ER se categorizaron en enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC), infecciones respiratorias y cánceres respiratorios.  Resultados: En 2021, las ER causaron la muerte de 336 728 adultos mayores de 20 años, lo que representó 30.5 % del total de defunciones, incremento cercano al triple respecto a 2019, principalmente debido a COVID-19. Las ERC contribuyeron con 3.4 % del total de muertes, las infecciones respiratorias con 25.9 % y los cánceres respiratorios con 1.2 %. La mortalidad y AVISA perdidos por ERC se incrementaron persistentemente, con variaciones entre los estados. Las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad de las ERC disminuyeron desde 1990, excepto las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales, que se incrementaron constantemente.  Conclusión: Los significativos niveles de mortalidad y discapacidad debidos a enfermedades respiratorias en México exigen mejorar la prevención, investigación y abordar factores de riesgo como tabaquismo y contaminación, además de fomentar la capacitación médica continua.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Respiratory diseases (RD) are often analyzed separately rather, possibly leading to an underestimation of their total burden.  Objective: To analyze the burden of RD in Mexico for population aged 20 or older from 1990 to 2021.  Material y methods: We present the burden of RD in Mexico based on estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study for mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), comprising counts, rates per 100,000, as well as age-standardized rates. RDs were categorized into three key groups: chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), respiratory infections (RI), and respiratory cancers.  Results: In 2021, among those aged 20+, RDs were responsible for 336,728 deaths, which accounts for 30.5% of total deaths&#8212; a nearly threefold increase since 2019, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CRDs contributed with 3.4% of total deaths; RIs, with 25.9%; and respiratory cancers, with 1.2%. CRDs showed a continuous rise in deaths, crude mortality, and DALY rates across genders, with no signs of leveling. RD burden varied widely across states. Age-standardized CRD mortality rates have generally declined since 1990, except for interstitial lung diseases, which have consistently increased.  Conclusion: The significant burden of mortality and disability due to RDs in Mexico underscores the necessity for enhanced prevention, research, and for addressing risk factors such as smoking and pollution. Ongoing healthcare training can help reduce RD burden.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Años de vida saludable perdidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Carga de enfermedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedades respiratorias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedades respiratorias crónicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Disability-adjusted life years]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Burden of disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Respiratory diseases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chronic respiratory diseases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mortality]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
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<name>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases:a review by the forum of international respiratory societies'environmental committee, part 1:The damaging effects of air pollution]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>155</volume>
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</article>
