<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132023000600539</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.23000434</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Carga atribuible a factores de riesgo en México, 1990-2021. Resumen de los hallazgos del estudio Global Burden of Disease 2021]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The burden attributable to risk factors in Mexico, 1990-2021. Summary of the findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Juárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Linda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cagney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jack]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-Blancas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Washington University Instituto para la Métrica y Evaluación de la Salud Departamento de Ciencias de la Métrica en Salud]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle Washington]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Instituto de Investigación sobre Obesidad Unidad de Políticas Públicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Monterrey N.L.]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación &#8220;Carlos Slim&#8221;  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>159</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>539</fpage>
<lpage>548</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600539&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600539&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132023000600539&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: Durante décadas, México ha transitado de las enfermedades infecciosas a las crónicas y la violencia, debido a cambios en los estilos de vida y la urbanización.  Objetivo: Describir el impacto en salud de los factores de riesgo en México entre 1990 y 2021.  Material y métodos: Se utilizaron las estimaciones del Global Burden of Disease para analizar la mortalidad y años de vida saludable (AVISA) perdidos atribuibles a factores de riesgo, estratificados por edad, sexo y estado.  Resultados: Los factores de riesgo representaron 14.9 millones de AVISA en 2021, 32.4 % del total nacional, con predominio de los riesgos metabólicos (19.8 %). La mortalidad estandarizada por edad debida a estos riesgos se incrementó 6.5 % de 1990 a 2021 y los riesgos conductuales y ambientales se redujeron en más de 50 %. Los factores predominantes cambiaron de desnutrición, problemas de acceso al agua potable y saneamiento en 1990 a altos niveles de glucosa y obesidad en 2021; la desnutrición fue el mayor riesgo en los niños menores de cinco años.  Conclusiones: México afronta desafíos sanitarios dobles, la desnutrición infantil continúa y los riesgos metabólicos en adultos se incrementan, sobre todo en los estados menos desarrollados, por lo que se requieren intervenciones específicas para amenazas nuevas y existentes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Over the past decades, Mexico&#8217;s health landscape has shifted from infectious to non-communicable diseases and violence, mirroring lifestyle, urbanization, and developmental changes.  Objective: To describe the impact of risk factors on health in Mexico from 1990 to 2021.  Material and methods: Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study estimates, we describe risk factor-related mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in Mexico (1990-2021) by age, sex, and state of the country.  Results: In 2021, risk factors led to 14.9 (12.9-16.7) million DALYs, which accounted for 32.4 % of Mexico&#8217;s burden. Metabolic risks, with 19.8% (17.0-21.9 %) were the main contributors. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized all-cause mortality rate associated with metabolic risks increased by 6.5%, while behavioral and environmental risks decreased by more than 50%, with marked variations between states. The predominant risk factors shifted from malnutrition and unsafe water and sanitation in 1990 to high glucose and body mass index in 2021. Malnutrition-related risks have the highest impact on health loss in children younger than 5 years.  Conclusions: Mexico faces a dual health challenge: childhood malnutrition persists, and adult metabolic risks are on the rise, particularly in less developed states, with targeted interventions for traditional and emerging health threats being required.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Carga atribuible]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Carga global de la enfermedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Attributable burden]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Global burden of disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk factors]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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