<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132021000100037</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.20000032</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Significación de los marcadores infecciosos para identificar portadores de hepatitis B en donantes de sangre]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Significance of hepatitis B surface antigen, IgM/IgG core antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA in blood donors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiriboga-Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cueva-Tirira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crespo-Proaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda-Males]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grijalva-Cobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina Unidad de Referencia para Bancos de Sangre ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social Hospital de Especialidades “Carlos Andrade Marín” ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>157</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132021000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132021000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132021000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: La identificación de portadores del virus de la hepatitis B en donantes de sangre es imperativo para evitar la transmisión de la enfermedad a través de transfusiones sanguíneas.  Objetivo: Determinar si los donantes de sangre con resultados positivos de los marcadores serológicos HbsAg y anti-HBc eran portadores de ADN del virus de la hepatitis B.  Métodos: Se recolectaron 12 745 muestras de seis bancos de sangre ecuatorianos, las cuales fueron analizadas con pruebas serológicas para identificar los marcadores infecciosos HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs mediante prueba ELISA automatizada. Todas las muestras positivas para uno, dos o los tres marcadores fueron analizadas con técnica molecular para determinar la presencia de ADN viral.  Resultados: Se identificó que 27.5 % de las muestras reactivas solo a anti-HBc y 100 % de las muestras con resultados positivos de HBsAg/anti-HBc-IgM/IgG presentaron ADN del virus de la hepatitis B (p = 0.001).  Conclusiones: La elección de los marcadores de infección y los métodos de detección definen los resultados. Es importante la realización de dos pruebas serológicas y una molecular para identificar a los portadores del virus de la hepatitis B y evitar su transmisión.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Identification of hepatitis B virus carriers in blood donors is imperative in order to avoid transmission of the disease via blood transfusion.  Objective: To determine if blood donors with positive results for serological markers HBsAg and anti-HBc were hepatitis B virus DNA carriers.  Methods: 12,745 samples were collected from six Ecuadorian blood banks and analyzed for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs infectious markers by automated ELISA. All samples that tested positive for one, two or all three markers were analyzed with molecular techniques to determine the presence of viral DNA.  Results: 27.5 % of the samples that were reactive for anti-HBc alone and 100 % of those with positive results for HbsAg and IgM/IgG anti-HBc were identified to contain hepatitis B virus DNA (p = 0.001).  Conclusions: The selection of infection markers, as well as the detection methods define the results. Performing two serological and one molecular test is important in order to identify hepatitis B virus carriers and prevent its transmission.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hepatitis B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anti-HBc]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HbsAg]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Portadores de virus de la hepatitis B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Donantes de sangre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anti-HBc]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HBsAg]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hepatitis B virus carriers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Blood donors]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gessoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beggio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Favarato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Significance of anti-HBc only in blood donors:a serological and virological study after hepatitis B vaccination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood Transfus]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>s63-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zadsar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vafaei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharifi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falah Tafti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg negative healthy blood donors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Virol J]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolated anti-HBc:the relevance of hepatitis B core antibody-a review of new issues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<page-range>1780-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sumer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sayan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Turkish Cypriot]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pol J Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>449-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[World Health Organization [Internet]]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hepatitis B]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The discarding of blood units and the prevalence of infectious diseases in donors at the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Panam Salud Publica]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>111-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pessoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aquino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ÉC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alcântara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Brazil from 2010 to 2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hematol Transfus Cell Ther]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>310-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameroon-Fopa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tagny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbanya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Occult hepatitis B infection among blood donors from Yaoundé]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Blood Transfus]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>403-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeremiah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Idris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajayi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezimah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolated anti-HBc-IgM antibody among blood donors in the semi-arid region of Nigeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hum Antibodies]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>77-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogunfemi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olawumi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olokoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kagu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biliaminu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durowade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen among hepatitis B surface antigen-negative blood donors in Ilorin, Nigeria:a cross-sectional study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Malawi Med J]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>32-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catherine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FX]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolated Anti-HBc:significance and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sosa-Jurado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosas-Murrieta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Zempoaltecalt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Rosete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of serologic hepatitis B markers in blood donors from Puebla, Mexico:the association of relatively high levels of anti-core antibodies with the detection of surface antigen and genomic DNA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepat Mon]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>16</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
