<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0016-3813</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta médica de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac. Méd. Méx]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0016-3813</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Nacional de Medicina de México A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0016-38132020000400270</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/gmm.m20000397</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of coinfection with influenza virus and bacteria on host damage]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto de la coinfección por virus de la influenza y bacterias en el daño al hospedero]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabello-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulido-Camarillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evelyn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexis E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Faculty of Medicine Department of Public Health]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Laboratory of Virology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Faculty of Medicine Department of Cell and Tissue Biology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mexico City ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>156</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>270</fpage>
<lpage>275</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0016-38132020000400270&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0016-38132020000400270&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0016-38132020000400270&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Influenza virus infection is often complicated by a bacterial infection, with this coinfection causing severe pneumonia. If not timely treated, the disease can cause death.  Objective: To demonstrate, in animal models, that coinfection with influenza virus and bacteria that affect the respiratory tract causes multisystemic damage.  Method: Six groups of mice were formed: a control group, one infected with the influenza virus, two infected with bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively; and two co-infected with influenza virus and Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively.  Results: Of the six groups of mice, only the group co-infected with influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae showed damage to thoracic and abdominal organs. A decrease in serum cytokine levels was found in all study groups, which was more pronounced in the co-infected mice.  Conclusions: The groups of mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza virus alone showed no damage, which indicates that coexistence of these infections caused the damage in the group of co-infected mice.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: La infección por el virus de la influenza con frecuencia se complica con una infección bacteriana, coinfección que provoca cuadros graves de neumonía, la cual puede ocasionar la muerte si no es tratada en forma oportuna.  Objetivo: Demostrar en modelos animales que la coinfección por el virus de la influenza y bacterias que afectan el tracto respiratorio ocasiona daño multisistémico.  Método: Se formaron seis grupos de ratones: un grupo control, uno infectado de virus de la influenza, dos infectados de bacterias: Haemophilus influenzae y Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectivamente; y dos coinfectados de virus de la influenza y Haemophilus influenzae y Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectivamente.  Resultados: De los seis grupos de ratones, solo en el grupo coinfectado de virus de la influenza y Streptococcus pneumoniae se observó daño en órganos torácicos y abdominales. En todos los grupos se encontró disminución de los niveles séricos de las citocinas, mayor en los ratones coinfectados.  Conclusiones: Los grupos de ratones infectados solo de Streptococcus pneumoniae o el virus de la influenza no presentaron daños, lo cual indica que la coexistencia de estas infecciones fue la que ocasionó el daño en el grupo de ratones coinfectados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Influenza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Coinfection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pro-inflammatory cytokines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Influenza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Infección bacteriana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Coinfección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Citocinas proinflamatorias]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Centro Nacional para la Salud de la Infancia y Adolescencia [Internet]]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prevención de la mortalidad infantil 2007-2012]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization [Internet]</collab>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pneumonia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taubenberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fauci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza:implications for pandemic influenza preparedness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>198</volume>
<page-range>962-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klugman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bacterial pathogens and death during the 1918 influenza pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>361</volume>
<page-range>2582-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCullers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Rev Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>252-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taubenberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-throughput RNA sequencing of a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded autopsy lung tissue sample from the 1918 influenza pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pathol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>229</volume>
<page-range>535-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCullers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microbiol Rev]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>571-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haste]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yesilkaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKechnie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and characterization of a long-term murine model of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection of the lower airways]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Immun]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>82</volume>
<page-range>3289-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leggiadro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bacterial coinfections in lung tissue specimens from fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-United States, May-August 2009]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>1071-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoute]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook H]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fatalities associated with the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus in New York city]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>1498-504</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosshart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinzelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeting bacterial endotoxin two sides of a coin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann N Y Acad Sci]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>1096</volume>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reynolds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hammerling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emanuel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The level of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is significantly increased in plasma in patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Diagn Lab Immunol]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>113-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In Bacteriología médica basada en problemas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>Second edition</edition>
<page-range>37-88</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Manual Moder no]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chertow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Memoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bacterial coinfection in influenza:a grand rounds review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>309</volume>
<page-range>275-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peiris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lethal coinfection of influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae lowers antibody response to influenza virus in lung and reduces numbers of germinal center B cells, T follicular helper cells, and plasma cells in mediastinal lymph node]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Virol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>2013-223</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D'Agnillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kindrachuk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartzman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keustne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[1918 pandemic influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection results in activation of coagulation and widespread pulmonary thrombosis in mice and humans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pathol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>238</volume>
<page-range>85-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
