<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2395-8715</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2395-8715</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Economía, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2395-87152026000100146</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33937/reveco.2026.530</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Inversión extranjera directa, sector secundario y degradación ambiental a nivel estatal: una estimación de largo plazo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Foreign direct investment, the secondary sector, and environmental degradation at a state level: A long-term estimate]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Imanol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valdés Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Veracruzana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>106</numero>
<fpage>146</fpage>
<lpage>176</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2395-87152026000100146&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2395-87152026000100146&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2395-87152026000100146&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre las emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalente y las actividades económicas a través de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental y la hipótesis del paraíso contaminante para los estados de México, con información de 1989 a 2018. Se utilizaron datos panel y regresión por CS-ARDL y CS-DL. Como variables independientes se usaron el producto interno bruto, el producto interno bruto secundario y la inversión extranjera directa, todas las variables en términos reales y per cápita. La evidencia empírica mostró relación en forma de &#8220;U&#8221; invertida, por lo cual se acepta la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental. La hipótesis del paraíso contaminante a nivel nacional se rechaza, considerando las diferencias entre las entidades; no se encontró relación entre las variables independientes y las emisiones a nivel individual para cada estado. La originalidad de esta investigación consiste en considerar la dependencia y la heterogeneidad entre los estados de México, utilizando técnicas econométricas de segunda generación y bases de datos sin explorar, cubriendo una brecha en la literatura sobre estudios a nivel regional. La conclusión principal es que la actividad económica por sí sola muestra evidencia que reduce la degradación ambiental, y que la política ambiental debe considerar la heterogeneidad entre los estados para reducir las emisiones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between equivalent carbon dioxide emissions and economic activities through the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and the Haven Pollution hypothesis for the states of Mexico, based on data from 1989 to 2018. Panel data and regression analysis using CS-ARDL and CS-DL were used. Gross Domestic Product, Secondary Gross Domestic Product, and foreign direct investment were used as independent variables, all measured in real per capita terms. The empirical evidence revealed an inverted "U" shaped relationship, which is why the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is accepted. The Haven Pollution hypothesis was rejected at the national level, considering the differences between the states; no relationship was found between the independent variables and emissions at the individual level for each state. This study&#8217;s originality lies in considering the dependence and heterogeneity among the states of Mexico, using second-generation econometric techniques and unexplored databases, covering a gap in the literature on regional-level studies. The main conclusion is that economic activity alone shows evidence of reducing environmental degradation, and environmental policies must consider heterogeneity among states to reduce emissions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Curva de Kuznets Ambiental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hipótesis del paraíso contaminante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[econometría ambiental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gases de efecto invernadero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Environmental Kuznets curve]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pollution haven hypothesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[environmental econometrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[greenhouse gases]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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