<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1870-4115</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista pueblos y fronteras digital]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. pueblos front. digit.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1870-4115</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias sobre Chiapas y la Frontera Sur]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1870-41152021000100111</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2021.v16.515</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sandinismo y antisandinismo: Líderes de opinión y prensa costarricense. La Nación y semanario Universidad, 1982-1985]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sandinism and Anti-Sandinism among Opinion Leaders and the Press in Costa Rica: La Nación and Universidad, a Weekly Publication, 1982-1985]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astorga Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1870-41152021000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1870-41152021000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1870-41152021000100111&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo analiza cómo fueron presentados los sandinistas y su Gobierno durante los años de 1982 y 1985, por parte de diferentes periodistas, intelectuales y otros miembros destacados de la comunidad política, cultural y económica de Costa Rica. Se plantea que el discurso mediático resultado de sus publicaciones se encargó de construir un imaginario sobre Nicaragua y los sandinistas que dependía del cómo su proyecto revolucionario se identificaba o rechazaba según el tipo de democracia que se defendía dependiendo del posicionamiento ideológico de los líderes de opinión y del diario en el que publicaban. Se parte de la idea de que tanto el discurso mediático como la identificación como líder de opinión son a la vez el resultado de un proceso de socialización que responde a una idea de Costa Rica como una democracia de corte occidental.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This paper analyzes how different journalists, intellectuals, and outstanding members of the political, cultural, and economic community in Costa Rica presented the Sandinistas and their administration during the 1982 to 1985 period. It posits that the media&#8217;s discourse embedded in their publications created an imaginary construct about Nicaragua and the Sandinistas that relied on how the revolutionary project was identified with or rejected, depending on the type of democracy that the journalist defended. This was based on the ideological positioning held by the opinion leaders and the newspaper in which they publish. The underlying idea is that both the media&#8217;s discourse and the journalists&#8217; identification as opinion leaders result from a socialization process that views Costa Rica as a Western-style democracy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Centroamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guerra Fría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Discurso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cold War]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[discourse]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armony]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ariel. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Argentina, Estados Unidos y la cruzada anticomunista en América Central, 1977-1984]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires, Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Quilmes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ahí me van a matar. Cultura, violencia y Guerra Fría en Costa Rica (1979-1990)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[EUNED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azofeifa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isaac. F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Respeto y apoyo para la Revolución Nicaragüense]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>febrero- marzo</edition>
<page-range>5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azofeifa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isaac. F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un razonamiento para Radio Sandino]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>5-11 de marzo</edition>
<page-range>5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zygmunt]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La globalización. Consecuencias humanas]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La columna]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>2 de abril</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dos elecciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>20 de marzo</edition>
<page-range>15A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benítez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La militarización de Centroamérica. Problemas de investigación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Polémica]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castoriadis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cornelius]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Figuras de lo pensable]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FCE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerutti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lo que ignoran los comandantes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>16 de setiembre</edition>
<page-range>15A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerutti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hacia el inevitable desenlace]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>1 de octubre</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamorro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El somocismo rojinegro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>24 de marzo</edition>
<page-range>16A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lo que todo costarricense debe saber sobre la carrera armamentista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>11-17 de mayo</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chomsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noam]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El miedo a la democracia]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chomsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los guardianes de la libertad]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dobles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una semana en la agredida Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>13-19 de mayo</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elberth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La noche de los perseguidos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>3 de setiembre</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Editorial</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia sin elecciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>15 de junio</edition>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qué pasa con los ticos? ¡Jodidos!]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>20-26 de mayo</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exorcismo de una revolución]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>6-12 de mayo</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>10-16 de junio</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Facio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gonzalo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El conflicto Este-Oeste y Centroamérica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>7 de julio</edition>
<page-range>15A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Racionamiento de alimentos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>11 de noviembre</edition>
<page-range>20A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lafitte]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Es la economía de guerra, señor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>5 de junio</edition>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El recurso del miedo. Estado y terror en Guatemala]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Guatemala ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[F y G Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fontana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josep]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Por el bien del imperio. Una historia del mundo desde 1945]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pasado y presente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraguas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoría de la desinformación]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Alhambra]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gadea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nicaragua: pueblo y gobierno]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>5 de agosto</edition>
<page-range>16A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamboa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El anticomunismo en Costa Rica y su uso como herramienta política antes y después de la Guerra Civil de 1948]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>39</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hay que extirpar el cáncer comunista]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>22 de junio</edition>
<page-range>16A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Domínguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Líder de opinión y opinión pública. Hacia una reflexividad epistemológica de los conceptos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de opinión pública]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>15-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grandin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Greg]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Empire&#8217;s Workshop. Latin America, The United States and the rise of new imperialism]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Holt]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habermas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jürgen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia y crítica de la opinión pública]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[G. Gili]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Breve historia del neoliberalismo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Akal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What we know and should know. Bringing Latin America more meaningfully into Cold War studies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spencer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In from the Cold. Latin America&#8217;s new encounter with the Cold War]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>3-46</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Duke University Press and London]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kinzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Blood of brothers]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kruijt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dirk]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revolución y contrarrevolución: el Gobierno sandinista y la guerra de la Contra en Nicaragua, 1980-1990]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desafíos]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>53-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lizano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rebelión en Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>1 de setiembre</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La revolución enredada]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Libros de la Catarata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[David agoniza]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>noviembre-diciembre</edition>
<page-range>5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sandinistas dieron ejemplo de fuerza y libertad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>9-15 de noviembre</edition>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un pueblo de cara a la muerte]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>febrero-marzo</edition>
<page-range>17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La lucha por la paz en Centroamérica (1987) vista por la prensa y caricatura costarricenses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de estudios centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>143-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pacificación de Centroamérica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>9-15 de marzo</edition>
<page-range>5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voorend]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Koen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los dueños de la palabra en Costa Rica en un contexto neoliberal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rupturas]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>144-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tiempos de oscuridad. Historia de los golpes de estado en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Akal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[No hay marxismo sin terror]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>2 de mayo</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Organizaciones populares: entre las bases y el poder]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pensamiento Propio]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edmundo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dos estilos, dos actitudes: Estados Unidos y Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>5-11 de agosto</edition>
<page-range>4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shoemaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pamela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La mediatización del mensaje. Teorías de las influencias en el contenido de los medios de comunicación]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Diana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sojo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Política exterior y sandinismo]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[FLACSO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Willy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ideología y medios de comunicación en Costa Rica. Fetichismo, manipulación y guerra psicológica]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alma Mater]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Allan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las Revoluciones 1789-1917]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bárbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Medios Masivos de Comunicación: una construcción de la realidad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Pequén]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>108-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Traverso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enzo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El totalitarismo. Historia de un debate]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires, Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Eudeba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulibarri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Falacias argumentales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>10 de diciembre</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulibarri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Arbitrariedad totalitaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>3 de setiembre</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bosco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elecciones en Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<edition>3 de enero</edition>
<page-range>14A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Dijk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teun]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ideología y análisis del discurso]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Utopía y praxis latinoamericana]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>29</numero>
<issue>29</issue>
<page-range>9-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ansiada invasión]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Nación]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<edition>21 de noviembre</edition>
<page-range>15A</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villanueva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Circe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Militares? No&#8230; ciudadanos armados para defender la revolución]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Semanario Universidad]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<edition>22-28 de octubre</edition>
<page-range>18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial inequalities in Sandinista Nicaragua]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geographical Review]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The social programs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revolution and counterrevolution in Nicaragua]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Westview Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
