<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-2037</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Política y gobierno]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polít. gob]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-2037</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Estudios Políticos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-20372016000100127</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Género y violencia política en América Latina. Conceptos, debates y soluciones]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gender and political violence in Latin America. Concepts, debates and solutions]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo Sanín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Rutgers University Departamento de Ciencia Política ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Brunswick NJ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Rutgers University Departamento de Ciencia Política ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Brunswick NJ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>127</fpage>
<lpage>162</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-20372016000100127&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La violencia contra las mujeres en política es cada vez más reconocida alrededor del mundo, pero especialmente en América Latina, como una nueva táctica para impedir la participación política de las mujeres. En este artículo exploramos cómo este concepto ha sido definido por académicos y activistas en la región, a menudo en términos de violencia física y psicológica, y usamos datos de globales, así como estudios de varias disciplinas, para expandir este concepto e incluir dos formas adicionales de violencia: económica y simbólica. Proveemos ejemplos de los cuatro tipos de violencia en países de América Latina. Posteriormente consideramos múltiples soluciones que pueden aplicarse dada esta definición ampliada. Enfatizamos que un abordaje más amplio es la mejor manera de combatir la violencia en todas sus formas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Violence against women in politics is increasingly recognized around the world -but especially in Latin America- as an emerging tactic to deter women's political participation. We survey how this concept has been defined by academics and practitioners across the region -largely in terms of physical and psychological violence- and draw on global data and research in various disciplines to propose expanding this concept to include two further forms of violence: economic and symbolic. We provide examples of all four types of violence in Latin American countries and then consider a range of solutions that might be pursued in light of this broader definition. We emphasize that a comprehensive approach provides the best means for tackling violence in all its forms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political-violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asociación de Concejales de Bolivia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Acoso y violencia política en razón de género afectan el trabajo político y gestión pública de las mujeres]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arboleda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Levantado el velo: Estudio sobre acoso y violencia política en contra de las mujeres autoridades públicas electas a nivel local en Ecuador]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ONU Mujeres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabrielle]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Breaking the Mold: Understanding Gender and Electoral Violence]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IFES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender-Specific Election Violence: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabrielle]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stability: International Journal of Security &amp; Development]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acoso y violencia política: Testimonios de síndicas y regidoras veracruzanas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera-Bassols]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dalia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultura, Sociedad y Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>249-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjarnegård]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Explaining Male Dominance in Parliamentary Representation]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Distinction]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women's Rights as Human Rights]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charlotte]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Rights Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>486-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dilemas feministas en torno a la Ley de Acoso y Violencia Política en Bolivia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabezas Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Temas Cuba]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Have You Come a Long Way, Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winfrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kelly L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Communication Studies]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>326-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Participación política y violencia de género en México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerva Cerna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>222</numero>
<issue>222</issue>
<page-range>105-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[uana Quispe fue impedida de ejercer 20 meses la concejalía]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Razón]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Laura Boldrini: The Italian Politician Rising above the Rape Threats]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lizzy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Observer]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current Controversies on Defining Nonlethal Violence against Women in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeKeseredy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Walter S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>728-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Feminist Redefinition of Rape and Sexual Assault]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia L.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D'Emilio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Issues]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eagly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alice H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steven J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Review]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>573-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[México: Atentado contra una candidata del PRI provoca muerte de su esposo]]></article-title>
<collab>EFE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Emol]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nineth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sistematización de experiencias de acoso político que viven o han vivido las mujeres que ocupan puestos de elección popular en el nivel local]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Violence to Women and Girls]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fawole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olufunmilayo I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>167-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeff]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Conflict and Violence]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IFES]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cultural Violence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galtung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>291-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gillard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[My Story]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sydney ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House Australia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goertz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mitzy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hostilidad y violencia política: Develando realidades de mujeres autoridades municipales]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santo Domingo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ONU Mujeres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mitzy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hostilidad y violencia política: Develando realidades de mujeres autoridades municipales. Sistematización de experiencias de violencia política que viven mujeres electas en gobiernos municipales en El Salvador]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santo Domingo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ONU Mujeres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral Violence in Conflict-Ridden Societies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Höglund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kristine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Terrorism and Political Violence]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>412-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mujeres muy políticas, mujeres muy públicas]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hate Crimes Hurt More]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iganski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Behavioral Scientist]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>626-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>iKnowPolitics</collab>
<source><![CDATA[E-Discussion: Eliminating Violence Against Women in Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Incer Brenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Graciela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gobernando como gatas panza arriba: Manifestaciones de acoso político en contra de las mujeres costarricenses durante el acceso y el ejercicio del poder]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Konrad Adenauer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Inter-Parliamentary Union</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Women in Parliament in 2013: The Year in Review]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asesinan a candidata perredista en Oaxaca]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarquín Edgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cimac Noticias]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What Is Violence against Women: Defining and Measuring the Problem]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kilpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dean G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Interpersonal Violence]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1209-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beate]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender and Symbolic Violence]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calhoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Craig]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LiPuma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Postone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Moishe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<page-range>156-77</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quotas for Women in Politics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empowerment vs. Backlash: Gender Quotas and Critical Mass Theory]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politics, Groups and Identities]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>184-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fiona]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender, Politics, and Institutions: Towards a Feminist Institutionalism]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rethinking the Life Cycles of International Norms: The United Nations and the Global Promotion of Gender Equality]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[True]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqui]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of International Relations]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darcy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moughari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Layla]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pournik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milad]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women 's Leadership as a Route to Greater Empowerment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[USAID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo Sanin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juliana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mapping Violence against Women in Politics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Annual Meeting]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Washington, D.C. </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beyond Quotas: Strategies to Promote Gender Equality in Elected Office]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mona Lena]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pippa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>2-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marta]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maite]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Con la cultura en contra: Algunas consideraciones sobre los obstáculos que las mexicanas enfrentan para ejercer sus derechos político-electorales]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ansolabehere Sesti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerva Cerna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa Reza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Género y derechos políticos: La protección jurisdiccional de los derechos político-electorales de las mujeres en México]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>29-73</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lawless]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machicao Barbery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ximena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acoso político: Un tema urgente que afrontar]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[La Paz ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Artes Gráficas Editorial Garza Azul]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machiao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelson]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estudio de caso en Bolivia: Violencia política en razón de género]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina Espino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Notas sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la esfera política en México]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Role of International Electoral Observation Missions in the Promotion of the Political Rights of Women]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Pogossian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Betilde]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Election Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>77-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>National Democratic Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women in Politics: Factsheet]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NDI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ley contra el acoso y la violencia política hacia las mujeres]]></article-title>
<collab>Observatorio de Género</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín del Observatorio de Género]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Connell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Helen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women and Conflict]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxfam]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susan Moller]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women in Western Political Thought]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palmieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender-SensitiveParliaments]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carole]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Sexual Contract]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electile Dysfunction: The Burlesque Binds of the Sarah Palin milf Frame]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lisa Glebatis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kevin A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist Media Studies]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>775-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Barbara]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[In the Name of Hate]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychology Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Presence]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puwar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nirmal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Space Invaders]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Berg]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintanilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tammy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Propuesta de iniciativa legislativa sobre acoso político a mujeres autoridades]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lima ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unión Europea]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incipientes avances en materia de representación política femenina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cimac TV]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Backlash Effects for Disconfirming Gender Stereotypes in Organizations]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laurie A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Organizational Behavior]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>61-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Financiamento eleitoral, representa&#1195;ão política e gênero]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sacchet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Opinião Pública]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>177-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sartori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1033-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Misogyny and Misrepresentation Women in Australian Parliaments]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sawer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Science]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>105-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Integrated Model of Women's Representation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwindt-Bayer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leslie A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>407-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discourses of Gender Quotas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sgier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lea]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[European Political Science]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>67-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sidhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gretchen Luchsinger]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ruth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Financing to Advance Women's Political Participation]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNDP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>South Asia Partnership International</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Violence against Women in Politics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lalitpur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coercive Control]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stermac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lana E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zindel V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gillis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social and Cultural Factors en Sexual Assault]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Sexual Assault]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>143-59</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Las mujeres candidatas en el proceso electoral federal de 2009: Informe integrado]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[TEPJF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[True]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqui]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Political Economy of Violence against Women]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>USAID</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Best Practices in Electoral Security]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[USAID]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Usos y costumbres y ciudadanía femenina. Hablan las presidentas municipales de Oaxaca, 1996-2010]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Mexico ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cámara de Diputados, LXI Legislatura]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walsh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Denise]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Women's Rights in Democratizing States]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violence Against Women: Global Scope and Magnitude]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charlotte]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cathy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>359</volume>
<numero>9313</numero>
<issue>9313</issue>
<page-range>1232-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
