<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1665-1146</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1665-1146</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1665-11462025000400004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/bmhim.24000184</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hospitalizations due to acute respiratory tract infections caused by human metapneumovirus in Costa Rican children]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hospitalizaciones por infecciones agudas de las vías respiratorias causadas por el metapneumovirus humano en niños costarricenses]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guier-Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luisana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yock-Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulloa-Gutierrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado Posgrado de Pediatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Ciencias Médicas Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Departmento de Pediatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Ciencias Médicas Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Departmento de Emergencias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Ciencias Médicas Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera Servicio de Aislamiento]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias Médicas e Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Academia Nacional de Medicina de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>82</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>238</fpage>
<lpage>244</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1665-11462025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1665-11462025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1665-11462025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in children, particularly early in life. Despite this, there are few prospective hMPV studies in Latin American children and this is the only of that kind in Costa Rica.  Methods: We conducted an observational descriptive prospective study at the only national tertiary referral pediatric hospital of the country. We included children &lt; 13 years of age with a laboratory-confirmed hMPV episode of acute respiratory tract infection requiring hospitalization from September 1, 2015, to September 30, 2017. Diagnosis was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence assay and/or polymerase-chain reaction.  Results: One hundred and eighty-eight patients were analyzed. One hundred and sixteen (62%) were male. About 65% were &lt; 15 months of age; median age was 12 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 6-23). Median hospital stay was 5 days (IQR = 3-8). The most common underlying conditions were prematurity (21.8%;41), recurrent wheeze-asthma (22,8%;43), and low birth weight (17%;32). About 52.6% patients received intravenous antibiotics. Complications occurred in 37.5%, among which, ventilatory failure occurred in 17% (32), shock 4.2% (8), and pleural effusion 1.6% (3). Forty-five (23.9%) patients needed high-flow nasal cannula (average of 3.4 days [standard deviation (SD) = 2.08]). Fifty-four (28.7%) children required pediatric intensive care unit admission. Twenty-eight (14.8%) of them were on assisted mechanical ventilation for a mean duration of 6.3 days (SD = 6.03). Ten patients went home with requiring supplementary oxygen; no deaths occurred.  Conclusions: hMPV-associated hospitalizations in Costa Rican children are associated with significant morbidity. A concerning finding in our study was the high proportion of patients requiring antibiotic therapy, either on admission or during hospitalization. This should prompt us to antimicrobial stewardship interventions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: El metapneumovirus humano (MPVh) es una causa principal de infección respiratoria aguda en niños. Pese a ello, hay pocos estudios prospectivos sobre MPVh en niños de Latinoamérica y este es el único prospectivo en Costa Rica.  Métodos: Realizamos un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo en el único hospital nacional pediátrico terciario de referencia del país. Incluimos niños menores de 13 años con infección respiratoria aguda por MPVh confirmada mediante laboratorio (inmunofluorescencia directa y/o reacción de cadena de polimerasa) y hospitalizados del 1 de setiembre del 2015 al 30 de setiembre del 2017.  Resultados: Analizamos 188 pacientes. El 62% (116) eran hombres, el 65% eran menores de 15 meses; mediana de edad 12 meses (IQR: 6-23). La hospitalización promedio fue de 5 días (IQR: 3-8). Las condiciones subyacentes mas comunes fueron prematuridad (21.8%; 41), sibilancias recurrencias/asma (22,8%; 43), y bajo peso al nacer (17%; 32). El 52.6% de los pacientes recibieron antibioticoterapia intravenosa. Ocurrieron complicaciones en el 37.5%, dentro de los cuales la insuficiencia respiratoria ocurrió en el 17% (32), shock en el 4.2% (8) y derrame pleural en el 1.6% (3). El 23.9% (45) de los pacientes requirieron cánula de alto flujo (promedio 3.4 días [DE 2.08]). Cincuenta y cuatro niños (28.7%) ingresaron a la UCIP, 28 (14.8%) de ellos tuvieron ventilación mecánica asistida por un promedio de 6.3 días (DE 6.03). Diez pacientes egresaron con oxígeno suplementario; no hubo fallecidos.  Conclusiones: Las hospitalizaciones por MPVh en niños de Costa Rica se asocian con morbilidad significativa. Un hallazgo preocupante en nuestro estudio fue el alto porcentaje de pacientes que recibieron antibioticoterapia, ya fuera al ingreso o durante la hospitalización. Esto debe llevar a la implementación de programas de uso racional de antibióticos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Children]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Human metapneumovirus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pneumonia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bronchiolitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hospitalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Niños]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Metapneumovirus humano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Neumonía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bronquiolitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hospitalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Latinoamérica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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