Agostella terrersensis gen. et sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacoidea) del Eoceno Medio de la provincia de Alicante, España

Àlex Ossó–Morales

Josep Vicenç Foix, 12–H, 1er–1ª, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. aosso@comt.cat.

Manuscript received: May, 28, 2011
Corrected manuscript received: July 21, 2011 ]]> Manuscript accepted: July 27, 2011

ABSTRACT

A new decapod brachyuran, Agostella terrersensis n. gen. et sp. (Goneplacoidea) is described from the Lutetian, middle Eocene outcrops of Agost (Alicante province, Spain ) increasing the number of new species discovered in this zone of the western Tethys. The taxonomic placement of Agostella n.gen. is discussed and also the assignment of some fossil genera to the Mathildellidae (Goneplacoidea).

Keywords: Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacoidea, Mathildellidae, Agostella, Eocene, Lutetian, Agost.

RESUMEN

Se describe un nuevo decápodo braquiuro, Agostella terrersensis n. gen. et sp. (Goneplacoidea), procedente de los yacimientos del Luteciano, Eoceno medio, de Agost (provincia de Alicante, España) que se añade a otras nuevas especies previamente descritas y descubiertas en esta zona del Tethys occidental. Se discute la posición sistemática de Agostella n.gén. en las familias de Goneplacoidea y al mismo tiempo, la posición de algunos géneros fósiles dentro de la familia Mathildellidae Goneplacoidea).

Palabras clave: Crustacea, Decapoda, Braquiura, Goneplacoidea, Mathildellidae, Agostella, Eoceno, Luteciano, Agost.

Since the first report one century ago (Jiménez de Cisneros, 1911) of decapod crustaceans from the middle Eocene of the Alicante province (SE Spain) (Figure 1), specially from the outcrops known as Els Terrers* in the Lomas de la Beata zone, north of Agost village (Figure 2), several species have been mentioned or described from the Lutetian of the Alicante province (Van Straelen, 1927; Via, 1959, 1965, 1969). Via (1991) reported twelve species found in this province, and quoted four of them as found in Els Terrers outcrops: Dromilites pastoris Via, 1959; Lophoranina marestiana König, 1825; L. straeleni Via, 1959 and Micromaia margaritata Fabiani, 1910. Furthemore, Harpactoxanthopsis quadrilobata Desmarest, 1822 and Harpactocarcinus punctulatus Desmarest, 1822 are also known in Els Terrers (J.R. Pastor, pers. comm.). Agostella terrersensis n.gen. n. sp. is the third new species provided by the Els Terrers outcrops, more precisely by the El Terrer dels Pobres ** (Figure 3).

All the decapod genera and species found in the Lutetian of the Alicante province (except Agostella) are also present in some of the other contemporary outcrops of the western Tethys area, for instance in Catalonia, Italy or Hungary and are representatives of a warm sea period.

The specimens studied in this paper are deposited in the Museu de Geologia de Barcelona–MCNB paleontological collection under acronym MGB.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING

The Agost area is situated within the so called Internal Prebetic System (sensu García–Hernández, 1978) of the Betic Ranges, in the SE of Iberian Peninsula. Formed during the Alpine orogeny, the geology of this area is highly interesting. For instance, the very well exposed Cretaceous–Paleogene series, allows a perfectly visible K/T boundary in a section near the northern border of the village. The Paleogene series at Lomas de la Beata are also very well exposed, including the section containing the Ypresian– Lutetian (Y–L) or the early–middle Eocene transition that has been proposed as Global Stratotype Section and Point or GSSP (Molina et al., 2000, Ortiz et al., 2008).

The Agost section is composed of 115 m of marl with intercalated limestone and sandstone beds. The marl and limestones deposited as hemipelagic sediments and predominate in the lower and upper parts of the section. The upper half of the section is mainly composed of sandstone that correspond to slope deposits. During the Eocene, the study area was part of the Iberian passive margin, where carbonate sedimentation in the platform with abundant macroforaminifera changed to pelagic sediments, turbidites, and mass flow deposits in the continental slope, located to the south. The presence of echinoids and decapod crustaceans indicates a change from sublittoral to circalittoral paleodepths after the Ypresian–Lutetian transition, suggesting a relative sea–level fall. The shallowing is accompanied by a sedimentation change from proximal turbidites to immature gravity flow sediments generated by storms. Planktonic and benthonic foraminiferal assemblages, allow to place the crab–bearing levels of Els Terrers in the Lutetian age, middle Eocene (Ortiz et al., 2008).

SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY

Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802
Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802
Superfamily Goneplacoidea MacLeay, 1838
Family incerta sedis

Type species. Agostella terrersensis n. gen., new species
Etymology. From Agost, village of Alicante province (SE Spain).
Diagnosis. Subhexagonal, flattened, slightly wider than long carapace; slightly convex longitudinally, somewhat less in transverse section; maximum width at anterior third; regions weakly defined; finely granular dorsal surface. Slightly swollen epigastric, protogastric, hepatic and epibranchial regions. Long, straight, subtruncate front, divided by a small median notch. Small orbits with two fissures; infraorbital margin visible in dorsal view. Short, convex anterolateral margin with three spiny form teeth, excluding outer orbital tooth. Convex, smooth posterolateral margins, converging backwards. Straight, rimmed posterior margin. Granulate thoracic sternum. Sternites 1–2 not visible; sternite 3 well developed and vaulted, with median longitudinal depression; sternite 3 and 4 vaulted and separated by depression, just forward the triangle formed by the last portion of sterno–abdominal cavity receiving (not preserved) telson, suture visible only laterally; both covered by large granules; sternites 4 – 6 with granulated episternites; sternite 7 not extended laterally; sternite 8 not visible in dorsal view. Well defined sutures 4/5, 5/6, 6/7. Male abdomen with 6 free somites and telson, somite 3 larger, reaching P5 coxae; somites 4–6 becoming progressively narrower. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs unknown.
Discussion. Taxonomic status of Agostella gen et sp nov. is quite difficult because it shares many similarities with different taxa of different families. For instance, the shape of the carapace of Agostella could seem close to that of Palaeograpsus inflatus, Bittner, 1875 (Panopeidae, Eucratopsinae) (see Schweitzer and Karasawa, 2004), figured by De Angeli (1995, p. 18, figs. 2, 3) but it differs from Agostella in having a more inflated and longitudinally convex carapace and the abdominal somites 3–4 fused (De Angeli, 1995, p. 18, fig. 4). This character exclude Agostella from the Panopeidae. In the same regard, Agostella shares similarities with several genera of the Tumidocarcinidae (Schweitzer, 2005). For example, Nitotacarcinus Schweitzer, Artal, van Bakel, Jagt, and Karasawa, 2007, shows similar features like the shape of abdomen and all of the free somites; however Nitotacarcinus differs from Agostella by the abdominal somites that completely cover the spacebetween the coxae of P5 and also by its dorsal features, inparticular the subquadrate carapace, the dorsal regions verywell defined, and the wider, posterior margin. Additionally,the Tumidocarcinidae, characterised by a front formed by four lobes, cannot accomodate Agostella (see Karasawaand Schweitzer, 2006).

Thus, according to the diagnosis of Karasawa andSchweitzer (2006), it seems that the most congruent placefor Agostella is the superfamily Goneplacoidea MacLeay,1838, on the basis of characters like its flattened carapace, the weakly defined regions, straight and weakly protrudedfront with a median notch, broad fronto–orbital width, thetwo orbital fissures, short anterolateral margins of carapace,and all abdominal somites free, not covering the entirespace between the coxa of P5. Although some differencesare evident, such as the very well developed sternite 3 and presence of median depression in sternites 3 and 4 inAgostella, the refined keys and diagnoses recently provided by Ng and Manuel–Santos (2007) and Castro et al. (2010) show that some members of the Goneplacoidea possess a median depression on sternites 3 and 4, as also happens in the Recent families Vultocinidae Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007 and Sotoplacidae Castro, Guinot and Ng, 2010, and also in the exclusively fossil family Martinocarcinidae Schweitzer, Feldmann and Bonadio, 2009.

Although accommodation of Agostella into the Goneplacoidea is adequate, familial assignment remains unclear. Castro (2007), Ng and Manuel–Santos (2007) and Castro et al. (2010), provided accurate diagnosis and keys for the various goneplacoid families, based on a set of characters that can easily be observed in extant crabs, like sexual organs, thoracic sternal sutures, abdominal locking mechanism, etc., which are not always preserved or visible in the fossil crabs, and reducing all the dorsal features almost to a single character. In this way, paying attention as far as possible to these diagnoses, Agostella is compared with all of the fossil and extant goneplacoid families as follows.

Members of the familyAcidopsidae Stevcic, 2005 differ from Agostella by the subcircular and areolate carapace and by the abdominal somites 1–2 being almost wider than somite 3 (see Stevcic, 2005; Castro et al., 2010). Family Carinocarcinoididae Karasawa and Kato, 2003 cannot accommodate Agostella because it has fused abdominal somites 3–5 and has the upper orbital margin without fissures (see Stevcic, 2005; Karasawa and Schweitzer, 2006). The Chasmocarcinidae Serène, 1964 differs in having the entire, orbital margin, fused abdominal somites 3–5, and a supplementary plate at level of thoracic sternite 8 in males (see Karasawa and Schweitzer, 2006; Castro et al., 2010). Agostella cannot be included in the Conleyidae Stevcic, 2005 because this family has a clearly, triangular abdomen and an even thoracic sternite 3, without median depression (see Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007; Castro et al., 2010), neither in the Euryplacidae Stimpson, 1871 which possesses a triangular or slender abdomen with somite 5 as long as wide and somite 6 much longer than wide (see Castro and Ng, 2010; Castro et al., 2010). Agostella does not seem to belong to the Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838 which is diagnosed by a smooth surface carapace without clear indication of regions and the absence of fissures on the supraorbital margin; additionally, Goneplacidae does not have thoracic sternites 3 and 4 with a median depression (in contrast to the new genus) and shows abdominal somites 1 and 2 almost wider than somite 3 (see Castro, 2007, Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007; Castro et al., 2010). Litocheiridae Stevcic, 2005,differs from Agostella in having a wider front and fronto–orbital margin, shorter and unarmed anterolateral margin, and a subquadrangular carapace (see Türkay, 1983; Stevcic, 2005; Castro et al., 2010). The monotypic family Martinocarcinidae Schweitzer et al., 2009, cannot accommodate Agostella: although its only representative Martinocarcinus ickeae Böhm, 1922 has, such as Agostella, a median depression on the thoracic sternites 3 and 4, it differs by the presence of spines on the anterolateral and posterolateral margins, the broad grooves marking the dorsal regions and granular central areas, different frontoorbital ratio, and by somite 6 being longer than wide (see Schweitzer et al., 2009). Despite the surprising dorsal similarities between Agostella and several members of the family Mathildellidae Karasawa and Kato, 2003, Agostella cannot be included in this family in which, abdominal somites 3–5 are even and unmovable, and sternite 3 does not show a median depression (see Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007; Castro et al., 2010). Progeryonidae Stevcic, 2005 has low frontoorbital ratio, somites 4–5 almost broader than somite 3 and the abdomen filling the entire space between coxae of P5, thus differing from the studied specimen (see Stevcic, 2005, Karasawa and Schweitzer, 2006; Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007; Castro et al., 2010). Agostella cannot be placed into family Scalopidiidae Stevcic, 2005 attending to important differences as the semicircular carapace, orbits not visible dorsally, bilobed front , cristiform anterolateral margin and fused abdominal somites 3–5 (see Stevcic, 2005; Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007). The monotypic family Sotoplacidae has a vaulted sternite 4 as in Agostella; however, there are many differences as the dorsal features, larger orbits and very slender somites 4–6 (see Castro et al. 2010). Finally, the monotypic family Vultocinidae Ng and Manuel–Santos, 2007, although sharing with Agostella the median depression on abdominal sternites 3–4, displays quite different dorsal features with a complex pattern of ridges and grooves, being nearly smooth in Agostella.

Therefore, Agostella cannot be accommodated in any of the above mentioned families and is placed within the superfamily Goneplacoidea as incerta sedis.

As mentioned before, Agostella presents many dorsal and orbito–frontal resemblances with some members of the Mathildellidae, like with Mathildella Guinot and Richer de Forges, 1981 and Beuroisia Guinot and Richer de Forges, 1981. Even though this family would seem a correct place for Agostella, the previously mentioned differences in the sternal features and the fact that all of the abdominal somites of Agostella are free, while in Mathildellidae somites 3–5 are unmovable or fused, and in spite of the visible sutures, it does not allow placement in this family. Explanations of this last character in fossil forms was discussed in Karasawa et al. (2008, p. 97, 98, 101). They concluded that it is possible to determine that condition in fossil forms, and how in fossil forms with fused abdominal somites 3–5, but with sutures, will appear as unfused somites. In the holotype of Agostella, very good preservation of the articulated somites and undamaged edges, allow a clear observation of spaces between somites 3–4 and 4–5, and how they are slightly displaced, which would confirm that they were free when alive (D. Guinot, pers. com. and P. K. L. Ng, pers. com.).

Agostella terrersensis new species
Figure 4.1 – 4.5

Etymology. From Els Terrers dels Pobres, the small quarry where it was found.
Diagnosis. As for the genus.
Description. Small carapace, subhexagonal in outline, somewhat broader than long, maximum width at level of epibranchial spine; dorsal surface slightly convex in longitudinally section and less convex in transverse section, finely granular. Fronto–orbital margin, about two thirds of maximum width. Relatively large front, about one third of maximum width, subtruncate and bimarginate, divided by a faint V–shaped median notch. Relatively small orbits, rimmed, with two fissures on supraorbital margin, one median completely fused and second opened close to the outer orbital tooth; infraorbital margin dorsally visible, granular, with prominent inner tooth. Short, convex anterolateral margin with three teeth and nodes excluding outer orbital tooth, first and third (epibranchial tooth) ones prominent and sharp, second tooth being a blunt node. Posterolateral margin broadly convex. Straight posterior margin, about half of maximum width. Epigastric and protogastric regions slightly swollen, well delimited by a faint gastro–hepatic groove; mesogastric region not well defined; swollen hepatic region; metagastric and urogastric regions slightly swollen, well delimited by scars; inflated branchial lobes, laterally forming a sort of branchial ridge, bearing a median pit; mesobranchial region swollen. Flat cardiac region, laterally delimited by scars. Flat intestinal region. Subtriangular, rimmed pterygostomial regions. Subquadrate buccal frame. Relatively broad, granulate thoracic sternum, and transversely prominent. Sterno–abdominal cavity reaching almost the anterior portion of sternite 4. Sternites 1–2 not present. Invert subtriangle–shaped, much inflated sternite 3 with median shallow depression. Sternites 3–4 separated by a deep depression, suture visible only laterally. Subtrapezoidal sternite 4 with prominent inflations at both sides of the sterno–abdominal cavity, and more salient axially; episternites elongate; sternites 3–4 covered by larger granules than on other parts; sternites 5–6 with similar shape and size, subtrapezoidal, width two times the length, with long episternite directed backwards; subtriangular sternite 7, as long as wide, two thirds the width of the sternites 5–6, reaching coxae of P5. Sternite 8 not visible. Abdomen with six free somites, telson not present. Somite 3 is the broadest of all somites. Somite 1 broad, very narrow and apparently not reaching coxae of P5, but a slight deformation in this part makes difficult the exact observation of this character. Somite 2 is transversaly subtrapezoidal, narrow, apparently as broad as somite 1 but without touching P5 coxae. Somite 3 is transversaly subtrapezoidal, broader than somite 2 and with angular lateral margins reaching P5 coxae. Somites 4–6 are subrectangular, becoming progressively slightly narrower; somites 4–5 with equal length, and somite 6 is one third longer than somites 4–5. Ischium of third maxilliped subrectangular, with median sulcus, concave at outer margin and convex at the inner margin. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs not present.
Material. Holotype MGB 57606 and paratype MGB 57607.
Measurements (in mm). Holotype MGB 57606, carapace length = 23 (possibly 24 or 25, due to a posterior deformation), width = 28, orbito–frontal width = 18. Paratype MGB 57607, length = 30, width = 35, orbito–frontal width = 22.

FINAL COMMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To Danièle Guinot (MNHN, Paris, France) and Francisco Vega (UNAM, Mexico) for their guidance and review of the manuscript. Peter K.L. Ng (NUS, Singapore) and Jaume Gallemi (MGB, Barcelona, Catalonia) made useful and encouraging comments helping thus in the preparation of this paper; Antonio Porras (Murcia, Spain) who found the holotype; José Ramón Pastor (Agost, Spain) donated the paratype and provided pictures and very useful information about the outcrops.

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NOTAS

**The Poor’s quarry, a clay quarry without owner, collectively exploited by potters having no own quarry.