<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista fitotecnia mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. fitotec. mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73802024000400335</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35196/rfm.2024.4.335</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Caracterización morfológica de maíces criollos de la región Central y Atlántica de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Morphological characterization of maize landraces from Central and Atlantic regions of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varela-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arguello-Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Félix]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garro-Monge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanni]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madriz-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mairon]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orozco-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Biotecnología Vegetal y Recursos Genéticos para el Fitomejoramiento ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cartago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>347</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73802024000400335&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73802024000400335&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73802024000400335&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays) costarricense ha venido desapareciendo gradualmente debido a la sustitución por híbridos de alto rendimiento, urbanización de zonas agrícolas, altos costos de producción y el escaso interés de las nuevas generaciones por su conservación. La caracterización morfológica del maíz criollo permite evaluar, describir y cuantificar la magnitud de la variabilidad de estas poblaciones y en Costa Rica hay poca investigación de este tipo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar morfológicamente maíces criollos nativos de la región Central y Atlántica de Costa Rica. Se recolectaron muestras de maíz criollo en 11 cantones de febrero 2018 a marzo 2020. Se evaluaron variables cuantitativas y cualitativas tanto en mazorca como en grano. Para cada región se realizó un análisis descriptivo para las variables cualitativas de mazorca y grano y se elaboraron tablas de frecuencias con sus respectivos gráficos. Para las variables cuantitativas se realizó análisis de varianza multivariado (P &#8804; 0,05) y análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos por región, utilizando la distancia de Gower y el método de agrupamiento Ward. En la región Central se encontró alta variabilidad en diámetro de mazorca, granos por hilera, longitud de mazorca, número de hileras, peso de mazorca, así como en ancho, grosor, longitud y peso de grano. Los maíces de la región Atlántica presentan granos de menor tamaño que los de la Región Central. En el análisis de conglomerados, en la Región Atlántica se encontraron dos grupos, donde predominan los granos de color naranja, mientras que en la región Central se encontraron tres grupos, donde predominan los granos blancos y en menor grado los amarillos y púrpura. Este estudio evidenció la presencia de una importante variabilidad morfológica en las mazorcas y grano de maíces criollos tanto en la región Central como en la Atlántica de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary The Costa Rican maize landraces have been gradually disappearing due to replacement by high-yielding hybrids, urbanization of agricultural areas, high production costs and the low interest of new generations in its conservation. The morphological characterization of maize landraces allows to evaluate, describe and quantify the magnitude of variability in these populations and there is little research of this type in Costa rica. The objective of this research was to characteriza morphologically maize landraces native to the Central and Atlantic regions of Costa Rica. Samples of maize landraces were collected in 11 cantons from February 2018 to March 2020. Quantitative and qualitative traits were evaluated in both ear and grain. For each region, a descriptive analysis was carried out for the qualitative traits of ear and grain, and frequency tables with their respective graphs were constructed. For the quantitative traits, multivariate analysis of variance (P &#8804; 0.05) and hierarchical cluster analysis using the Gower distance and the Ward clustering method were performed for each region. In the Central region, high variability was found in ear diameter, kernels per row, ear length, number of rows, ear weight, as well as width, thickness, length and kernel weight. The maize of the Atlantic region has smaller grains than that of the Central region. In the cluster analysis two groups were found in the Atlantic region, where orange grains predominate, while three groups were found in the Central region, where white grains and to a lesser extent yellow and purple ones predominate. This study evidenced the presence of a significant morphological variability in the ear and kernels of Costa Rican maize landraces both in the Central and Atlantic regions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Zea mays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[germoplasma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[recursos fitogenéticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[variabilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Zea mays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[germplasm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant genetic resources]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[variability]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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