<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0185-3309</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de fitopatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. fitopatol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0185-3309</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0185-33092025000400004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/r.mex.fit.2024-12</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación del bacteriófago &#934;XaF18 en formulación para el control de Xanthomonas euvesicatoria en plantas de chile bajo condiciones de campo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of the &#934;XaF18 bacteriophage formulation for the control of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria in chili pepper plants under field conditions]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibarra-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quiñones-Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Evangelina Esmeralda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solís-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guillermo Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eristeo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincón-Enríquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zapopan Jalisco]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,CIATEJ  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Apodaca N.L.]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>spe</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0185-33092025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0185-33092025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0185-33092025000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN   Antecedentes/Objetivo.  Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) es el agente causal de la mancha bacteriana en el cultivo de chile, enfermedad que comúnmente se maneja con antibióticos agrícolas. Como alternativa biológica, los virus bacterianos (bacteriófagos) ofrecen un enfoque prometedor para el control de bacterias fitopatógenas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad biológica del bacteriófago &#934;XaF18 formulado con protección para radiación UV (Fagolytic) para el control de Xe en plantas de chile bajo condiciones a cielo abierto y en parcelas de campo comercial.  Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un diseño experimental en bloques o completamente al azar; se evaluaron cinco tratamientos en condiciones de cielo abierto y de campo: 1) Fagolytic, 2) Bacteriófago &#934;XaF18 sin formular, 3) Formulación LS con el bacteriófago &#934;XaF18, 4) Antibiótico agrícola Kasumin®, 5) Control sin tratamiento. Se midió el número de hojas con síntomas, número de manchas cloróticas y el índice de severidad con una escala ordinal de 6 niveles (0-5) y concentración viral en follaje. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente con un análisis de varianza y una prueba Tukey o una prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis (p &#8804; 0.05).  Resultados.  Fagolytic redujo la severidad de la mancha bacteriana en un 32 % y las manchas cloróticas en un 57 % en comparación con el bacteriófago &#934;XaF18 sin formular bajo condiciones de cielo abierto. En campo, Fagolytic disminuyó significativamente el índice de severidad en el sito B de la parcela experimental 1 (p &#8804; 0.05), con una eficacia comparable al antibiótico Kasumin®. Además, en el sitio A, Fagolytic mostró una concentración viral de &#934;XaF18 significativamente mayor sobre el follaje a las 48 h después de la aplicación de los tratamientos. Mientras que para el momento de aplicación (preventiva, simultánea o combinada) no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la severidad de la enfermedad. Conclusión. Fagolytic demostró ser una alternativa biológica eficaz para el control de macha bacterianas (provocada por Xe) en plantas de chile, al reducir la severidad de la enfermedad y mantener su persistencia en el follaje, con resultados comparables al antibiótico Kasumin® tanto bajo condiciones a cielo abierto como en parcelas comerciales a nivel de campo. Palabras clave: Mancha bacteriana, Bacteriófagos, Fagolytic, Control biológico]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract   Background/Objective.  Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) is the causal agent of bacterial spot in chili pepper crops, a disease that is commonly managed with agricultural antibiotics. As a biological alternative, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) offer a promising approach to the control of plant pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological effectiveness of the bacteriophage &#934;XaF18 formulated with UV radiation protection (Fagolytic) for the control of Xe in chili pepper plants under open- field conditions and in commercial field plots.  Materials and Methods.  Experiments were conducted in block or completely random arrangement; five treatments were evaluated under open-field and field conditions: 1) Fagolytic, 2) Unformulated &#934;XaF18 bacteriophage, 3) LS formulation with &#934;XaF18 bacteriophage, 4) Kasumin® agricultural antibiotic, 5) Untreated control. The number of leaves with symptoms, number of chlorotic spots and the severity index were measured with a 6-level ordinal scale (0-5) and viral concentration in foliage. Data were statistically analyzed with an analysis of variance and a Tukey test or a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (p &#8804; 0.05).  Results.  Fagolytic reduced bacterial spot severity by 32% and chlorotic spots by 57% compared to unformulated bacteriophage &#934;XaF18 under open-field conditions. In the field, Fagolytic significantly decreased the severity index in site B of experimental plot 1 (p &#8804; 0.05), with an efficacy comparable to the antibiotic Kasumin®. In addition, at site A, Fagolytic showed a significantly higher viral concentration of &#934;XaF18 on the foliage at 48 h after the application of the treatments. Whereas at the time of application (preventive, simultaneous or combined) it had no significant effect on the severity of the disease.  Conclusion.  Fagolytic proved to be an effective biological alternative for the control of bacterial spots (caused by Xe) in chili pepper plants, by reducing the severity of the disease and maintaining its persistence in the foliage, with comparable results to the Kasumin® antibiotic both under open-field conditions and in commercial plots at the field level.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mancha bacteriana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bacteriófagos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fagolytic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Control biológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial spot]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacteriophages]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fagolytic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biological control]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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